diff --git a/src/HOL/Finite_Set.thy b/src/HOL/Finite_Set.thy
--- a/src/HOL/Finite_Set.thy
+++ b/src/HOL/Finite_Set.thy
@@ -1,2266 +1,2288 @@
 (*  Title:      HOL/Finite_Set.thy
     Author:     Tobias Nipkow
     Author:     Lawrence C Paulson
     Author:     Markus Wenzel
     Author:     Jeremy Avigad
     Author:     Andrei Popescu
 *)
 
 section \<open>Finite sets\<close>
 
 theory Finite_Set
   imports Product_Type Sum_Type Fields
 begin
 
 subsection \<open>Predicate for finite sets\<close>
 
 context notes [[inductive_internals]]
 begin
 
 inductive finite :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> bool"
   where
     emptyI [simp, intro!]: "finite {}"
   | insertI [simp, intro!]: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite (insert a A)"
 
 end
 
 simproc_setup finite_Collect ("finite (Collect P)") = \<open>K Set_Comprehension_Pointfree.simproc\<close>
 
 declare [[simproc del: finite_Collect]]
 
 lemma finite_induct [case_names empty insert, induct set: finite]:
   \<comment> \<open>Discharging \<open>x \<notin> F\<close> entails extra work.\<close>
   assumes "finite F"
   assumes "P {}"
     and insert: "\<And>x F. finite F \<Longrightarrow> x \<notin> F \<Longrightarrow> P F \<Longrightarrow> P (insert x F)"
   shows "P F"
   using \<open>finite F\<close>
 proof induct
   show "P {}" by fact
 next
   fix x F
   assume F: "finite F" and P: "P F"
   show "P (insert x F)"
   proof cases
     assume "x \<in> F"
     then have "insert x F = F" by (rule insert_absorb)
     with P show ?thesis by (simp only:)
   next
     assume "x \<notin> F"
     from F this P show ?thesis by (rule insert)
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma infinite_finite_induct [case_names infinite empty insert]:
   assumes infinite: "\<And>A. \<not> finite A \<Longrightarrow> P A"
     and empty: "P {}"
     and insert: "\<And>x F. finite F \<Longrightarrow> x \<notin> F \<Longrightarrow> P F \<Longrightarrow> P (insert x F)"
   shows "P A"
 proof (cases "finite A")
   case False
   with infinite show ?thesis .
 next
   case True
   then show ?thesis by (induct A) (fact empty insert)+
 qed
 
 
 subsubsection \<open>Choice principles\<close>
 
 lemma ex_new_if_finite: \<comment> \<open>does not depend on def of finite at all\<close>
   assumes "\<not> finite (UNIV :: 'a set)" and "finite A"
   shows "\<exists>a::'a. a \<notin> A"
 proof -
   from assms have "A \<noteq> UNIV" by blast
   then show ?thesis by blast
 qed
 
 text \<open>A finite choice principle. Does not need the SOME choice operator.\<close>
 
 lemma finite_set_choice: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x\<in>A. \<exists>y. P x y \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>f. \<forall>x\<in>A. P x (f x)"
 proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
   case empty
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (insert a A)
   then obtain f b where f: "\<forall>x\<in>A. P x (f x)" and ab: "P a b"
     by auto
   show ?case (is "\<exists>f. ?P f")
   proof
     show "?P (\<lambda>x. if x = a then b else f x)"
       using f ab by auto
   qed
 qed
 
 
 subsubsection \<open>Finite sets are the images of initial segments of natural numbers\<close>
 
 lemma finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "\<exists>(n::nat) f. A = f ` {i. i < n} \<and> inj_on f {i. i < n}"
   using assms
 proof induct
   case empty
   show ?case
   proof
     show "\<exists>f. {} = f ` {i::nat. i < 0} \<and> inj_on f {i. i < 0}"
       by simp
   qed
 next
   case (insert a A)
   have notinA: "a \<notin> A" by fact
   from insert.hyps obtain n f where "A = f ` {i::nat. i < n}" "inj_on f {i. i < n}"
     by blast
   then have "insert a A = f(n:=a) ` {i. i < Suc n}" and "inj_on (f(n:=a)) {i. i < Suc n}"
     using notinA by (auto simp add: image_def Ball_def inj_on_def less_Suc_eq)
   then show ?case by blast
 qed
 
 lemma nat_seg_image_imp_finite: "A = f ` {i::nat. i < n} \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
 proof (induct n arbitrary: A)
   case 0
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (Suc n)
   let ?B = "f ` {i. i < n}"
   have finB: "finite ?B" by (rule Suc.hyps[OF refl])
   show ?case
   proof (cases "\<exists>k<n. f n = f k")
     case True
     then have "A = ?B"
       using Suc.prems by (auto simp:less_Suc_eq)
     then show ?thesis
       using finB by simp
   next
     case False
     then have "A = insert (f n) ?B"
       using Suc.prems by (auto simp:less_Suc_eq)
     then show ?thesis using finB by simp
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma finite_conv_nat_seg_image: "finite A \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>n f. A = f ` {i::nat. i < n})"
   by (blast intro: nat_seg_image_imp_finite dest: finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on)
 
 lemma finite_imp_inj_to_nat_seg:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "\<exists>f n. f ` A = {i::nat. i < n} \<and> inj_on f A"
 proof -
   from finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on [OF \<open>finite A\<close>]
   obtain f and n :: nat where bij: "bij_betw f {i. i<n} A"
     by (auto simp: bij_betw_def)
   let ?f = "the_inv_into {i. i<n} f"
   have "inj_on ?f A \<and> ?f ` A = {i. i<n}"
     by (fold bij_betw_def) (rule bij_betw_the_inv_into[OF bij])
   then show ?thesis by blast
 qed
 
 lemma finite_Collect_less_nat [iff]: "finite {n::nat. n < k}"
   by (fastforce simp: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
 
 lemma finite_Collect_le_nat [iff]: "finite {n::nat. n \<le> k}"
   by (simp add: le_eq_less_or_eq Collect_disj_eq)
 
 
 subsection \<open>Finiteness and common set operations\<close>
 
 lemma rev_finite_subset: "finite B \<Longrightarrow> A \<subseteq> B \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
 proof (induct arbitrary: A rule: finite_induct)
   case empty
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (insert x F A)
   have A: "A \<subseteq> insert x F" and r: "A - {x} \<subseteq> F \<Longrightarrow> finite (A - {x})"
     by fact+
   show "finite A"
   proof cases
     assume x: "x \<in> A"
     with A have "A - {x} \<subseteq> F" by (simp add: subset_insert_iff)
     with r have "finite (A - {x})" .
     then have "finite (insert x (A - {x}))" ..
     also have "insert x (A - {x}) = A"
       using x by (rule insert_Diff)
     finally show ?thesis .
   next
     show ?thesis when "A \<subseteq> F"
       using that by fact
     assume "x \<notin> A"
     with A show "A \<subseteq> F"
       by (simp add: subset_insert_iff)
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma finite_subset: "A \<subseteq> B \<Longrightarrow> finite B \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
   by (rule rev_finite_subset)
 
 lemma finite_UnI:
   assumes "finite F" and "finite G"
   shows "finite (F \<union> G)"
   using assms by induct simp_all
 
 lemma finite_Un [iff]: "finite (F \<union> G) \<longleftrightarrow> finite F \<and> finite G"
   by (blast intro: finite_UnI finite_subset [of _ "F \<union> G"])
 
 lemma finite_insert [simp]: "finite (insert a A) \<longleftrightarrow> finite A"
 proof -
   have "finite {a} \<and> finite A \<longleftrightarrow> finite A" by simp
   then have "finite ({a} \<union> A) \<longleftrightarrow> finite A" by (simp only: finite_Un)
   then show ?thesis by simp
 qed
 
 lemma finite_Int [simp, intro]: "finite F \<or> finite G \<Longrightarrow> finite (F \<inter> G)"
   by (blast intro: finite_subset)
 
 lemma finite_Collect_conjI [simp, intro]:
   "finite {x. P x} \<or> finite {x. Q x} \<Longrightarrow> finite {x. P x \<and> Q x}"
   by (simp add: Collect_conj_eq)
 
 lemma finite_Collect_disjI [simp]:
   "finite {x. P x \<or> Q x} \<longleftrightarrow> finite {x. P x} \<and> finite {x. Q x}"
   by (simp add: Collect_disj_eq)
 
 lemma finite_Diff [simp, intro]: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite (A - B)"
   by (rule finite_subset, rule Diff_subset)
 
 lemma finite_Diff2 [simp]:
   assumes "finite B"
   shows "finite (A - B) \<longleftrightarrow> finite A"
 proof -
   have "finite A \<longleftrightarrow> finite ((A - B) \<union> (A \<inter> B))"
     by (simp add: Un_Diff_Int)
   also have "\<dots> \<longleftrightarrow> finite (A - B)"
     using \<open>finite B\<close> by simp
   finally show ?thesis ..
 qed
 
 lemma finite_Diff_insert [iff]: "finite (A - insert a B) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (A - B)"
 proof -
   have "finite (A - B) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (A - B - {a})" by simp
   moreover have "A - insert a B = A - B - {a}" by auto
   ultimately show ?thesis by simp
 qed
 
 lemma finite_compl [simp]:
   "finite (A :: 'a set) \<Longrightarrow> finite (- A) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
   by (simp add: Compl_eq_Diff_UNIV)
 
 lemma finite_Collect_not [simp]:
   "finite {x :: 'a. P x} \<Longrightarrow> finite {x. \<not> P x} \<longleftrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
   by (simp add: Collect_neg_eq)
 
 lemma finite_Union [simp, intro]:
   "finite A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>M. M \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> finite M) \<Longrightarrow> finite (\<Union>A)"
   by (induct rule: finite_induct) simp_all
 
 lemma finite_UN_I [intro]:
   "finite A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> finite (B a)) \<Longrightarrow> finite (\<Union>a\<in>A. B a)"
   by (induct rule: finite_induct) simp_all
 
 lemma finite_UN [simp]: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite (\<Union>(B ` A)) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>A. finite (B x))"
   by (blast intro: finite_subset)
 
 lemma finite_Inter [intro]: "\<exists>A\<in>M. finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite (\<Inter>M)"
   by (blast intro: Inter_lower finite_subset)
 
 lemma finite_INT [intro]: "\<exists>x\<in>I. finite (A x) \<Longrightarrow> finite (\<Inter>x\<in>I. A x)"
   by (blast intro: INT_lower finite_subset)
 
 lemma finite_imageI [simp, intro]: "finite F \<Longrightarrow> finite (h ` F)"
   by (induct rule: finite_induct) simp_all
 
 lemma finite_image_set [simp]: "finite {x. P x} \<Longrightarrow> finite {f x |x. P x}"
   by (simp add: image_Collect [symmetric])
 
 lemma finite_image_set2:
   "finite {x. P x} \<Longrightarrow> finite {y. Q y} \<Longrightarrow> finite {f x y |x y. P x \<and> Q y}"
   by (rule finite_subset [where B = "\<Union>x \<in> {x. P x}. \<Union>y \<in> {y. Q y}. {f x y}"]) auto
 
 lemma finite_imageD:
   assumes "finite (f ` A)" and "inj_on f A"
   shows "finite A"
   using assms
 proof (induct "f ` A" arbitrary: A)
   case empty
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (insert x B)
   then have B_A: "insert x B = f ` A"
     by simp
   then obtain y where "x = f y" and "y \<in> A"
     by blast
   from B_A \<open>x \<notin> B\<close> have "B = f ` A - {x}"
     by blast
   with B_A \<open>x \<notin> B\<close> \<open>x = f y\<close> \<open>inj_on f A\<close> \<open>y \<in> A\<close> have "B = f ` (A - {y})"
     by (simp add: inj_on_image_set_diff)
   moreover from \<open>inj_on f A\<close> have "inj_on f (A - {y})"
     by (rule inj_on_diff)
   ultimately have "finite (A - {y})"
     by (rule insert.hyps)
   then show "finite A"
     by simp
 qed
 
 lemma finite_image_iff: "inj_on f A \<Longrightarrow> finite (f ` A) \<longleftrightarrow> finite A"
   using finite_imageD by blast
 
 lemma finite_surj: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> B \<subseteq> f ` A \<Longrightarrow> finite B"
   by (erule finite_subset) (rule finite_imageI)
 
 lemma finite_range_imageI: "finite (range g) \<Longrightarrow> finite (range (\<lambda>x. f (g x)))"
   by (drule finite_imageI) (simp add: range_composition)
 
 lemma finite_subset_image:
   assumes "finite B"
   shows "B \<subseteq> f ` A \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>C\<subseteq>A. finite C \<and> B = f ` C"
   using assms
 proof induct
   case empty
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case insert
   then show ?case
     by (clarsimp simp del: image_insert simp add: image_insert [symmetric]) blast
 qed
 
 lemma all_subset_image: "(\<forall>B. B \<subseteq> f ` A \<longrightarrow> P B) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>B. B \<subseteq> A \<longrightarrow> P(f ` B))"
   by (safe elim!: subset_imageE) (use image_mono in \<open>blast+\<close>) (* slow *)
 
 lemma all_finite_subset_image:
   "(\<forall>B. finite B \<and> B \<subseteq> f ` A \<longrightarrow> P B) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>B. finite B \<and> B \<subseteq> A \<longrightarrow> P (f ` B))"
 proof safe
   fix B :: "'a set"
   assume B: "finite B" "B \<subseteq> f ` A" and P: "\<forall>B. finite B \<and> B \<subseteq> A \<longrightarrow> P (f ` B)"
   show "P B"
     using finite_subset_image [OF B] P by blast
 qed blast
 
 lemma ex_finite_subset_image:
   "(\<exists>B. finite B \<and> B \<subseteq> f ` A \<and> P B) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>B. finite B \<and> B \<subseteq> A \<and> P (f ` B))"
 proof safe
   fix B :: "'a set"
   assume B: "finite B" "B \<subseteq> f ` A" and "P B"
   show "\<exists>B. finite B \<and> B \<subseteq> A \<and> P (f ` B)"
     using finite_subset_image [OF B] \<open>P B\<close> by blast
 qed blast
 
 lemma finite_vimage_IntI: "finite F \<Longrightarrow> inj_on h A \<Longrightarrow> finite (h -` F \<inter> A)"
 proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
   case (insert x F)
   then show ?case
     by (simp add: vimage_insert [of h x F] finite_subset [OF inj_on_vimage_singleton] Int_Un_distrib2)
 qed simp
 
 lemma finite_finite_vimage_IntI:
   assumes "finite F"
     and "\<And>y. y \<in> F \<Longrightarrow> finite ((h -` {y}) \<inter> A)"
   shows "finite (h -` F \<inter> A)"
 proof -
   have *: "h -` F \<inter> A = (\<Union> y\<in>F. (h -` {y}) \<inter> A)"
     by blast
   show ?thesis
     by (simp only: * assms finite_UN_I)
 qed
 
 lemma finite_vimageI: "finite F \<Longrightarrow> inj h \<Longrightarrow> finite (h -` F)"
   using finite_vimage_IntI[of F h UNIV] by auto
 
 lemma finite_vimageD': "finite (f -` A) \<Longrightarrow> A \<subseteq> range f \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
   by (auto simp add: subset_image_iff intro: finite_subset[rotated])
 
 lemma finite_vimageD: "finite (h -` F) \<Longrightarrow> surj h \<Longrightarrow> finite F"
   by (auto dest: finite_vimageD')
 
 lemma finite_vimage_iff: "bij h \<Longrightarrow> finite (h -` F) \<longleftrightarrow> finite F"
   unfolding bij_def by (auto elim: finite_vimageD finite_vimageI)
 
 lemma finite_Collect_bex [simp]:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "finite {x. \<exists>y\<in>A. Q x y} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>y\<in>A. finite {x. Q x y})"
 proof -
   have "{x. \<exists>y\<in>A. Q x y} = (\<Union>y\<in>A. {x. Q x y})" by auto
   with assms show ?thesis by simp
 qed
 
 lemma finite_Collect_bounded_ex [simp]:
   assumes "finite {y. P y}"
   shows "finite {x. \<exists>y. P y \<and> Q x y} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>y. P y \<longrightarrow> finite {x. Q x y})"
 proof -
   have "{x. \<exists>y. P y \<and> Q x y} = (\<Union>y\<in>{y. P y}. {x. Q x y})"
     by auto
   with assms show ?thesis
     by simp
 qed
 
 lemma finite_Plus: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite B \<Longrightarrow> finite (A <+> B)"
   by (simp add: Plus_def)
 
 lemma finite_PlusD:
   fixes A :: "'a set" and B :: "'b set"
   assumes fin: "finite (A <+> B)"
   shows "finite A" "finite B"
 proof -
   have "Inl ` A \<subseteq> A <+> B"
     by auto
   then have "finite (Inl ` A :: ('a + 'b) set)"
     using fin by (rule finite_subset)
   then show "finite A"
     by (rule finite_imageD) (auto intro: inj_onI)
 next
   have "Inr ` B \<subseteq> A <+> B"
     by auto
   then have "finite (Inr ` B :: ('a + 'b) set)"
     using fin by (rule finite_subset)
   then show "finite B"
     by (rule finite_imageD) (auto intro: inj_onI)
 qed
 
 lemma finite_Plus_iff [simp]: "finite (A <+> B) \<longleftrightarrow> finite A \<and> finite B"
   by (auto intro: finite_PlusD finite_Plus)
 
 lemma finite_Plus_UNIV_iff [simp]:
   "finite (UNIV :: ('a + 'b) set) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: 'a set) \<and> finite (UNIV :: 'b set)"
   by (subst UNIV_Plus_UNIV [symmetric]) (rule finite_Plus_iff)
 
 lemma finite_SigmaI [simp, intro]:
   "finite A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>a. a\<in>A \<Longrightarrow> finite (B a)) \<Longrightarrow> finite (SIGMA a:A. B a)"
   unfolding Sigma_def by blast
 
 lemma finite_SigmaI2:
   assumes "finite {x\<in>A. B x \<noteq> {}}"
   and "\<And>a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> finite (B a)"
   shows "finite (Sigma A B)"
 proof -
   from assms have "finite (Sigma {x\<in>A. B x \<noteq> {}} B)"
     by auto
   also have "Sigma {x:A. B x \<noteq> {}} B = Sigma A B"
     by auto
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
 lemma finite_cartesian_product: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite B \<Longrightarrow> finite (A \<times> B)"
   by (rule finite_SigmaI)
 
 lemma finite_Prod_UNIV:
   "finite (UNIV :: 'a set) \<Longrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: 'b set) \<Longrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: ('a \<times> 'b) set)"
   by (simp only: UNIV_Times_UNIV [symmetric] finite_cartesian_product)
 
 lemma finite_cartesian_productD1:
   assumes "finite (A \<times> B)" and "B \<noteq> {}"
   shows "finite A"
 proof -
   from assms obtain n f where "A \<times> B = f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
     by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
   then have "fst ` (A \<times> B) = fst ` f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
     by simp
   with \<open>B \<noteq> {}\<close> have "A = (fst \<circ> f) ` {i::nat. i < n}"
     by (simp add: image_comp)
   then have "\<exists>n f. A = f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
     by blast
   then show ?thesis
     by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
 qed
 
 lemma finite_cartesian_productD2:
   assumes "finite (A \<times> B)" and "A \<noteq> {}"
   shows "finite B"
 proof -
   from assms obtain n f where "A \<times> B = f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
     by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
   then have "snd ` (A \<times> B) = snd ` f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
     by simp
   with \<open>A \<noteq> {}\<close> have "B = (snd \<circ> f) ` {i::nat. i < n}"
     by (simp add: image_comp)
   then have "\<exists>n f. B = f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
     by blast
   then show ?thesis
     by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
 qed
 
 lemma finite_cartesian_product_iff:
   "finite (A \<times> B) \<longleftrightarrow> (A = {} \<or> B = {} \<or> (finite A \<and> finite B))"
   by (auto dest: finite_cartesian_productD1 finite_cartesian_productD2 finite_cartesian_product)
 
 lemma finite_prod:
   "finite (UNIV :: ('a \<times> 'b) set) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: 'a set) \<and> finite (UNIV :: 'b set)"
   using finite_cartesian_product_iff[of UNIV UNIV] by simp
 
 lemma finite_Pow_iff [iff]: "finite (Pow A) \<longleftrightarrow> finite A"
 proof
   assume "finite (Pow A)"
   then have "finite ((\<lambda>x. {x}) ` A)"
     by (blast intro: finite_subset)  (* somewhat slow *)
   then show "finite A"
     by (rule finite_imageD [unfolded inj_on_def]) simp
 next
   assume "finite A"
   then show "finite (Pow A)"
     by induct (simp_all add: Pow_insert)
 qed
 
 corollary finite_Collect_subsets [simp, intro]: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite {B. B \<subseteq> A}"
   by (simp add: Pow_def [symmetric])
 
 lemma finite_set: "finite (UNIV :: 'a set set) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
   by (simp only: finite_Pow_iff Pow_UNIV[symmetric])
 
 lemma finite_UnionD: "finite (\<Union>A) \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
   by (blast intro: finite_subset [OF subset_Pow_Union])
 
 lemma finite_bind:
   assumes "finite S"
   assumes "\<forall>x \<in> S. finite (f x)"
   shows "finite (Set.bind S f)"
 using assms by (simp add: bind_UNION)
 
 lemma finite_filter [simp]: "finite S \<Longrightarrow> finite (Set.filter P S)"
 unfolding Set.filter_def by simp
 
 lemma finite_set_of_finite_funs:
   assumes "finite A" "finite B"
   shows "finite {f. \<forall>x. (x \<in> A \<longrightarrow> f x \<in> B) \<and> (x \<notin> A \<longrightarrow> f x = d)}" (is "finite ?S")
 proof -
   let ?F = "\<lambda>f. {(a,b). a \<in> A \<and> b = f a}"
   have "?F ` ?S \<subseteq> Pow(A \<times> B)"
     by auto
   from finite_subset[OF this] assms have 1: "finite (?F ` ?S)"
     by simp
   have 2: "inj_on ?F ?S"
     by (fastforce simp add: inj_on_def set_eq_iff fun_eq_iff)  (* somewhat slow *)
   show ?thesis
     by (rule finite_imageD [OF 1 2])
 qed
 
 lemma not_finite_existsD:
   assumes "\<not> finite {a. P a}"
   shows "\<exists>a. P a"
 proof (rule classical)
   assume "\<not> ?thesis"
   with assms show ?thesis by auto
 qed
 
 
 subsection \<open>Further induction rules on finite sets\<close>
 
 lemma finite_ne_induct [case_names singleton insert, consumes 2]:
   assumes "finite F" and "F \<noteq> {}"
   assumes "\<And>x. P {x}"
     and "\<And>x F. finite F \<Longrightarrow> F \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> x \<notin> F \<Longrightarrow> P F  \<Longrightarrow> P (insert x F)"
   shows "P F"
   using assms
 proof induct
   case empty
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (insert x F)
   then show ?case by cases auto
 qed
 
 lemma finite_subset_induct [consumes 2, case_names empty insert]:
   assumes "finite F" and "F \<subseteq> A"
     and empty: "P {}"
     and insert: "\<And>a F. finite F \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> a \<notin> F \<Longrightarrow> P F \<Longrightarrow> P (insert a F)"
   shows "P F"
   using \<open>finite F\<close> \<open>F \<subseteq> A\<close>
 proof induct
   show "P {}" by fact
 next
   fix x F
   assume "finite F" and "x \<notin> F" and P: "F \<subseteq> A \<Longrightarrow> P F" and i: "insert x F \<subseteq> A"
   show "P (insert x F)"
   proof (rule insert)
     from i show "x \<in> A" by blast
     from i have "F \<subseteq> A" by blast
     with P show "P F" .
     show "finite F" by fact
     show "x \<notin> F" by fact
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma finite_empty_induct:
   assumes "finite A"
     and "P A"
     and remove: "\<And>a A. finite A \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> P A \<Longrightarrow> P (A - {a})"
   shows "P {}"
 proof -
   have "P (A - B)" if "B \<subseteq> A" for B :: "'a set"
   proof -
     from \<open>finite A\<close> that have "finite B"
       by (rule rev_finite_subset)
     from this \<open>B \<subseteq> A\<close> show "P (A - B)"
     proof induct
       case empty
       from \<open>P A\<close> show ?case by simp
     next
       case (insert b B)
       have "P (A - B - {b})"
       proof (rule remove)
         from \<open>finite A\<close> show "finite (A - B)"
           by induct auto
         from insert show "b \<in> A - B"
           by simp
         from insert show "P (A - B)"
           by simp
       qed
       also have "A - B - {b} = A - insert b B"
         by (rule Diff_insert [symmetric])
       finally show ?case .
     qed
   qed
   then have "P (A - A)" by blast
   then show ?thesis by simp
 qed
 
 lemma finite_update_induct [consumes 1, case_names const update]:
   assumes finite: "finite {a. f a \<noteq> c}"
     and const: "P (\<lambda>a. c)"
     and update: "\<And>a b f. finite {a. f a \<noteq> c} \<Longrightarrow> f a = c \<Longrightarrow> b \<noteq> c \<Longrightarrow> P f \<Longrightarrow> P (f(a := b))"
   shows "P f"
   using finite
 proof (induct "{a. f a \<noteq> c}" arbitrary: f)
   case empty
   with const show ?case by simp
 next
   case (insert a A)
   then have "A = {a'. (f(a := c)) a' \<noteq> c}" and "f a \<noteq> c"
     by auto
   with \<open>finite A\<close> have "finite {a'. (f(a := c)) a' \<noteq> c}"
     by simp
   have "(f(a := c)) a = c"
     by simp
   from insert \<open>A = {a'. (f(a := c)) a' \<noteq> c}\<close> have "P (f(a := c))"
     by simp
   with \<open>finite {a'. (f(a := c)) a' \<noteq> c}\<close> \<open>(f(a := c)) a = c\<close> \<open>f a \<noteq> c\<close>
   have "P ((f(a := c))(a := f a))"
     by (rule update)
   then show ?case by simp
 qed
 
 lemma finite_subset_induct' [consumes 2, case_names empty insert]:
   assumes "finite F" and "F \<subseteq> A"
     and empty: "P {}"
     and insert: "\<And>a F. \<lbrakk>finite F; a \<in> A; F \<subseteq> A; a \<notin> F; P F \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P (insert a F)"
   shows "P F"
   using assms(1,2)
 proof induct
   show "P {}" by fact
 next
   fix x F
   assume "finite F" and "x \<notin> F" and
     P: "F \<subseteq> A \<Longrightarrow> P F" and i: "insert x F \<subseteq> A"
   show "P (insert x F)"
   proof (rule insert)
     from i show "x \<in> A" by blast
     from i have "F \<subseteq> A" by blast
     with P show "P F" .
     show "finite F" by fact
     show "x \<notin> F" by fact
     show "F \<subseteq> A" by fact
   qed
 qed
 
 
 subsection \<open>Class \<open>finite\<close>\<close>
 
 class finite =
   assumes finite_UNIV: "finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
 begin
 
 lemma finite [simp]: "finite (A :: 'a set)"
   by (rule subset_UNIV finite_UNIV finite_subset)+
 
 lemma finite_code [code]: "finite (A :: 'a set) \<longleftrightarrow> True"
   by simp
 
 end
 
 instance prod :: (finite, finite) finite
   by standard (simp only: UNIV_Times_UNIV [symmetric] finite_cartesian_product finite)
 
 lemma inj_graph: "inj (\<lambda>f. {(x, y). y = f x})"
   by (rule inj_onI) (auto simp add: set_eq_iff fun_eq_iff)
 
 instance "fun" :: (finite, finite) finite
 proof
   show "finite (UNIV :: ('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) set)"
   proof (rule finite_imageD)
     let ?graph = "\<lambda>f::'a \<Rightarrow> 'b. {(x, y). y = f x}"
     have "range ?graph \<subseteq> Pow UNIV"
       by simp
     moreover have "finite (Pow (UNIV :: ('a * 'b) set))"
       by (simp only: finite_Pow_iff finite)
     ultimately show "finite (range ?graph)"
       by (rule finite_subset)
     show "inj ?graph"
       by (rule inj_graph)
   qed
 qed
 
 instance bool :: finite
   by standard (simp add: UNIV_bool)
 
 instance set :: (finite) finite
   by standard (simp only: Pow_UNIV [symmetric] finite_Pow_iff finite)
 
 instance unit :: finite
   by standard (simp add: UNIV_unit)
 
 instance sum :: (finite, finite) finite
   by standard (simp only: UNIV_Plus_UNIV [symmetric] finite_Plus finite)
 
 
 subsection \<open>A basic fold functional for finite sets\<close>
 
 text \<open>The intended behaviour is
   \<open>fold f z {x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>n} = f x\<^sub>1 (\<dots> (f x\<^sub>n z)\<dots>)\<close>
   if \<open>f\<close> is ``left-commutative'':
 \<close>
 
 locale comp_fun_commute =
   fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
   assumes comp_fun_commute: "f y \<circ> f x = f x \<circ> f y"
 begin
 
 lemma fun_left_comm: "f y (f x z) = f x (f y z)"
   using comp_fun_commute by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)
 
 lemma commute_left_comp: "f y \<circ> (f x \<circ> g) = f x \<circ> (f y \<circ> g)"
   by (simp add: o_assoc comp_fun_commute)
 
 end
 
 inductive fold_graph :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'a set \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> bool"
   for f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" and z :: 'b
   where
     emptyI [intro]: "fold_graph f z {} z"
   | insertI [intro]: "x \<notin> A \<Longrightarrow> fold_graph f z A y \<Longrightarrow> fold_graph f z (insert x A) (f x y)"
 
 inductive_cases empty_fold_graphE [elim!]: "fold_graph f z {} x"
 
 lemma fold_graph_closed_lemma:
   "fold_graph f z A x \<and> x \<in> B"
   if "fold_graph g z A x"
     "\<And>a b. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> f a b = g a b"
     "\<And>a b. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> g a b \<in> B"
     "z \<in> B"
   using that(1-3)
 proof (induction rule: fold_graph.induct)
   case (insertI x A y)
   have "fold_graph f z A y" "y \<in> B"
     unfolding atomize_conj
     by (rule insertI.IH) (auto intro: insertI.prems)
   then have "g x y \<in> B" and f_eq: "f x y = g x y"
     by (auto simp: insertI.prems)
   moreover have "fold_graph f z (insert x A) (f x y)"
     by (rule fold_graph.insertI; fact)
   ultimately
   show ?case
     by (simp add: f_eq)
 qed (auto intro!: that)
 
 lemma fold_graph_closed_eq:
   "fold_graph f z A = fold_graph g z A"
   if "\<And>a b. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> f a b = g a b"
      "\<And>a b. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> g a b \<in> B"
      "z \<in> B"
   using fold_graph_closed_lemma[of f z A _ B g] fold_graph_closed_lemma[of g z A _ B f] that
   by auto
 
 definition fold :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'a set \<Rightarrow> 'b"
   where "fold f z A = (if finite A then (THE y. fold_graph f z A y) else z)"
 
 lemma fold_closed_eq: "fold f z A = fold g z A"
   if "\<And>a b. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> f a b = g a b"
      "\<And>a b. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> g a b \<in> B"
      "z \<in> B"
   unfolding Finite_Set.fold_def
   by (subst fold_graph_closed_eq[where B=B and g=g]) (auto simp: that)
 
 text \<open>
   A tempting alternative for the definiens is
   \<^term>\<open>if finite A then THE y. fold_graph f z A y else e\<close>.
   It allows the removal of finiteness assumptions from the theorems
   \<open>fold_comm\<close>, \<open>fold_reindex\<close> and \<open>fold_distrib\<close>.
   The proofs become ugly. It is not worth the effort. (???)
 \<close>
 
 lemma finite_imp_fold_graph: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. fold_graph f z A x"
   by (induct rule: finite_induct) auto
 
 
 subsubsection \<open>From \<^const>\<open>fold_graph\<close> to \<^term>\<open>fold\<close>\<close>
 
 context comp_fun_commute
 begin
 
 lemma fold_graph_finite:
   assumes "fold_graph f z A y"
   shows "finite A"
   using assms by induct simp_all
 
 lemma fold_graph_insertE_aux:
   "fold_graph f z A y \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>y'. y = f a y' \<and> fold_graph f z (A - {a}) y'"
 proof (induct set: fold_graph)
   case emptyI
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (insertI x A y)
   show ?case
   proof (cases "x = a")
     case True
     with insertI show ?thesis by auto
   next
     case False
     then obtain y' where y: "y = f a y'" and y': "fold_graph f z (A - {a}) y'"
       using insertI by auto
     have "f x y = f a (f x y')"
       unfolding y by (rule fun_left_comm)
     moreover have "fold_graph f z (insert x A - {a}) (f x y')"
       using y' and \<open>x \<noteq> a\<close> and \<open>x \<notin> A\<close>
       by (simp add: insert_Diff_if fold_graph.insertI)
     ultimately show ?thesis
       by fast
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma fold_graph_insertE:
   assumes "fold_graph f z (insert x A) v" and "x \<notin> A"
   obtains y where "v = f x y" and "fold_graph f z A y"
   using assms by (auto dest: fold_graph_insertE_aux [OF _ insertI1])
 
 lemma fold_graph_determ: "fold_graph f z A x \<Longrightarrow> fold_graph f z A y \<Longrightarrow> y = x"
 proof (induct arbitrary: y set: fold_graph)
   case emptyI
   then show ?case by fast
 next
   case (insertI x A y v)
   from \<open>fold_graph f z (insert x A) v\<close> and \<open>x \<notin> A\<close>
   obtain y' where "v = f x y'" and "fold_graph f z A y'"
     by (rule fold_graph_insertE)
   from \<open>fold_graph f z A y'\<close> have "y' = y"
     by (rule insertI)
   with \<open>v = f x y'\<close> show "v = f x y"
     by simp
 qed
 
 lemma fold_equality: "fold_graph f z A y \<Longrightarrow> fold f z A = y"
   by (cases "finite A") (auto simp add: fold_def intro: fold_graph_determ dest: fold_graph_finite)
 
 lemma fold_graph_fold:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "fold_graph f z A (fold f z A)"
 proof -
   from assms have "\<exists>x. fold_graph f z A x"
     by (rule finite_imp_fold_graph)
   moreover note fold_graph_determ
   ultimately have "\<exists>!x. fold_graph f z A x"
     by (rule ex_ex1I)
   then have "fold_graph f z A (The (fold_graph f z A))"
     by (rule theI')
   with assms show ?thesis
     by (simp add: fold_def)
 qed
 
 text \<open>The base case for \<open>fold\<close>:\<close>
 
 lemma (in -) fold_infinite [simp]: "\<not> finite A \<Longrightarrow> fold f z A = z"
   by (auto simp: fold_def)
 
 lemma (in -) fold_empty [simp]: "fold f z {} = z"
   by (auto simp: fold_def)
 
 text \<open>The various recursion equations for \<^const>\<open>fold\<close>:\<close>
 
 lemma fold_insert [simp]:
   assumes "finite A" and "x \<notin> A"
   shows "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z A)"
 proof (rule fold_equality)
   fix z
   from \<open>finite A\<close> have "fold_graph f z A (fold f z A)"
     by (rule fold_graph_fold)
   with \<open>x \<notin> A\<close> have "fold_graph f z (insert x A) (f x (fold f z A))"
     by (rule fold_graph.insertI)
   then show "fold_graph f z (insert x A) (f x (fold f z A))"
     by simp
 qed
 
 declare (in -) empty_fold_graphE [rule del] fold_graph.intros [rule del]
   \<comment> \<open>No more proofs involve these.\<close>
 
 lemma fold_fun_left_comm: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> f x (fold f z A) = fold f (f x z) A"
 proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
   case empty
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case insert
   then show ?case
     by (simp add: fun_left_comm [of x])
 qed
 
 lemma fold_insert2: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> x \<notin> A \<Longrightarrow> fold f z (insert x A)  = fold f (f x z) A"
   by (simp add: fold_fun_left_comm)
 
 lemma fold_rec:
   assumes "finite A" and "x \<in> A"
   shows "fold f z A = f x (fold f z (A - {x}))"
 proof -
   have A: "A = insert x (A - {x})"
     using \<open>x \<in> A\<close> by blast
   then have "fold f z A = fold f z (insert x (A - {x}))"
     by simp
   also have "\<dots> = f x (fold f z (A - {x}))"
     by (rule fold_insert) (simp add: \<open>finite A\<close>)+
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
 lemma fold_insert_remove:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z (A - {x}))"
 proof -
   from \<open>finite A\<close> have "finite (insert x A)"
     by auto
   moreover have "x \<in> insert x A"
     by auto
   ultimately have "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z (insert x A - {x}))"
     by (rule fold_rec)
   then show ?thesis
     by simp
 qed
 
 lemma fold_set_union_disj:
   assumes "finite A" "finite B" "A \<inter> B = {}"
   shows "Finite_Set.fold f z (A \<union> B) = Finite_Set.fold f (Finite_Set.fold f z A) B"
   using assms(2,1,3) by induct simp_all
 
 end
 
 text \<open>Other properties of \<^const>\<open>fold\<close>:\<close>
 
 lemma fold_image:
   assumes "inj_on g A"
   shows "fold f z (g ` A) = fold (f \<circ> g) z A"
 proof (cases "finite A")
   case False
   with assms show ?thesis
     by (auto dest: finite_imageD simp add: fold_def)
 next
   case True
   have "fold_graph f z (g ` A) = fold_graph (f \<circ> g) z A"
   proof
     fix w
     show "fold_graph f z (g ` A) w \<longleftrightarrow> fold_graph (f \<circ> g) z A w" (is "?P \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q")
     proof
       assume ?P
       then show ?Q
         using assms
       proof (induct "g ` A" w arbitrary: A)
         case emptyI
         then show ?case by (auto intro: fold_graph.emptyI)
       next
         case (insertI x A r B)
         from \<open>inj_on g B\<close> \<open>x \<notin> A\<close> \<open>insert x A = image g B\<close> obtain x' A'
           where "x' \<notin> A'" and [simp]: "B = insert x' A'" "x = g x'" "A = g ` A'"
           by (rule inj_img_insertE)
         from insertI.prems have "fold_graph (f \<circ> g) z A' r"
           by (auto intro: insertI.hyps)
         with \<open>x' \<notin> A'\<close> have "fold_graph (f \<circ> g) z (insert x' A') ((f \<circ> g) x' r)"
           by (rule fold_graph.insertI)
         then show ?case
           by simp
       qed
     next
       assume ?Q
       then show ?P
         using assms
       proof induct
         case emptyI
         then show ?case
           by (auto intro: fold_graph.emptyI)
       next
         case (insertI x A r)
         from \<open>x \<notin> A\<close> insertI.prems have "g x \<notin> g ` A"
           by auto
         moreover from insertI have "fold_graph f z (g ` A) r"
           by simp
         ultimately have "fold_graph f z (insert (g x) (g ` A)) (f (g x) r)"
           by (rule fold_graph.insertI)
         then show ?case
           by simp
       qed
     qed
   qed
   with True assms show ?thesis
     by (auto simp add: fold_def)
 qed
 
 lemma fold_cong:
   assumes "comp_fun_commute f" "comp_fun_commute g"
     and "finite A"
     and cong: "\<And>x. x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x"
     and "s = t" and "A = B"
   shows "fold f s A = fold g t B"
 proof -
   have "fold f s A = fold g s A"
     using \<open>finite A\<close> cong
   proof (induct A)
     case empty
     then show ?case by simp
   next
     case insert
     interpret f: comp_fun_commute f by (fact \<open>comp_fun_commute f\<close>)
     interpret g: comp_fun_commute g by (fact \<open>comp_fun_commute g\<close>)
     from insert show ?case by simp
   qed
   with assms show ?thesis by simp
 qed
 
 
 text \<open>A simplified version for idempotent functions:\<close>
 
 locale comp_fun_idem = comp_fun_commute +
   assumes comp_fun_idem: "f x \<circ> f x = f x"
 begin
 
 lemma fun_left_idem: "f x (f x z) = f x z"
   using comp_fun_idem by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)
 
 lemma fold_insert_idem:
   assumes fin: "finite A"
   shows "fold f z (insert x A)  = f x (fold f z A)"
 proof cases
   assume "x \<in> A"
   then obtain B where "A = insert x B" and "x \<notin> B"
     by (rule set_insert)
   then show ?thesis
     using assms by (simp add: comp_fun_idem fun_left_idem)
 next
   assume "x \<notin> A"
   then show ?thesis
     using assms by simp
 qed
 
 declare fold_insert [simp del] fold_insert_idem [simp]
 
 lemma fold_insert_idem2: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> fold f z (insert x A) = fold f (f x z) A"
   by (simp add: fold_fun_left_comm)
 
 end
 
 
 subsubsection \<open>Liftings to \<open>comp_fun_commute\<close> etc.\<close>
 
 lemma (in comp_fun_commute) comp_comp_fun_commute: "comp_fun_commute (f \<circ> g)"
   by standard (simp_all add: comp_fun_commute)
 
 lemma (in comp_fun_idem) comp_comp_fun_idem: "comp_fun_idem (f \<circ> g)"
   by (rule comp_fun_idem.intro, rule comp_comp_fun_commute, unfold_locales)
     (simp_all add: comp_fun_idem)
 
 lemma (in comp_fun_commute) comp_fun_commute_funpow: "comp_fun_commute (\<lambda>x. f x ^^ g x)"
 proof
   show "f y ^^ g y \<circ> f x ^^ g x = f x ^^ g x \<circ> f y ^^ g y" for x y
   proof (cases "x = y")
     case True
     then show ?thesis by simp
   next
     case False
     show ?thesis
     proof (induct "g x" arbitrary: g)
       case 0
       then show ?case by simp
     next
       case (Suc n g)
       have hyp1: "f y ^^ g y \<circ> f x = f x \<circ> f y ^^ g y"
       proof (induct "g y" arbitrary: g)
         case 0
         then show ?case by simp
       next
         case (Suc n g)
         define h where "h z = g z - 1" for z
         with Suc have "n = h y"
           by simp
         with Suc have hyp: "f y ^^ h y \<circ> f x = f x \<circ> f y ^^ h y"
           by auto
         from Suc h_def have "g y = Suc (h y)"
           by simp
         then show ?case
           by (simp add: comp_assoc hyp) (simp add: o_assoc comp_fun_commute)
       qed
       define h where "h z = (if z = x then g x - 1 else g z)" for z
       with Suc have "n = h x"
         by simp
       with Suc have "f y ^^ h y \<circ> f x ^^ h x = f x ^^ h x \<circ> f y ^^ h y"
         by auto
       with False h_def have hyp2: "f y ^^ g y \<circ> f x ^^ h x = f x ^^ h x \<circ> f y ^^ g y"
         by simp
       from Suc h_def have "g x = Suc (h x)"
         by simp
       then show ?case
         by (simp del: funpow.simps add: funpow_Suc_right o_assoc hyp2) (simp add: comp_assoc hyp1)
     qed
   qed
 qed
 
 
 subsubsection \<open>Expressing set operations via \<^const>\<open>fold\<close>\<close>
 
 lemma comp_fun_commute_const: "comp_fun_commute (\<lambda>_. f)"
   by standard rule
 
 lemma comp_fun_idem_insert: "comp_fun_idem insert"
   by standard auto
 
 lemma comp_fun_idem_remove: "comp_fun_idem Set.remove"
   by standard auto
 
 lemma (in semilattice_inf) comp_fun_idem_inf: "comp_fun_idem inf"
   by standard (auto simp add: inf_left_commute)
 
 lemma (in semilattice_sup) comp_fun_idem_sup: "comp_fun_idem sup"
   by standard (auto simp add: sup_left_commute)
 
 lemma union_fold_insert:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "A \<union> B = fold insert B A"
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_idem insert
     by (fact comp_fun_idem_insert)
   from \<open>finite A\<close> show ?thesis
     by (induct A arbitrary: B) simp_all
 qed
 
 lemma minus_fold_remove:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "B - A = fold Set.remove B A"
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_idem Set.remove
     by (fact comp_fun_idem_remove)
   from \<open>finite A\<close> have "fold Set.remove B A = B - A"
     by (induct A arbitrary: B) auto  (* slow *)
   then show ?thesis ..
 qed
 
 lemma comp_fun_commute_filter_fold:
   "comp_fun_commute (\<lambda>x A'. if P x then Set.insert x A' else A')"
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_idem Set.insert by (fact comp_fun_idem_insert)
   show ?thesis by standard (auto simp: fun_eq_iff)
 qed
 
 lemma Set_filter_fold:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "Set.filter P A = fold (\<lambda>x A'. if P x then Set.insert x A' else A') {} A"
   using assms
   by induct
     (auto simp add: Set.filter_def comp_fun_commute.fold_insert[OF comp_fun_commute_filter_fold])
 
 lemma inter_Set_filter:
   assumes "finite B"
   shows "A \<inter> B = Set.filter (\<lambda>x. x \<in> A) B"
   using assms
   by induct (auto simp: Set.filter_def)
 
 lemma image_fold_insert:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "image f A = fold (\<lambda>k A. Set.insert (f k) A) {} A"
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_commute "\<lambda>k A. Set.insert (f k) A"
     by standard auto
   show ?thesis
     using assms by (induct A) auto
 qed
 
 lemma Ball_fold:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "Ball A P = fold (\<lambda>k s. s \<and> P k) True A"
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_commute "\<lambda>k s. s \<and> P k"
     by standard auto
   show ?thesis
     using assms by (induct A) auto
 qed
 
 lemma Bex_fold:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "Bex A P = fold (\<lambda>k s. s \<or> P k) False A"
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_commute "\<lambda>k s. s \<or> P k"
     by standard auto
   show ?thesis
     using assms by (induct A) auto
 qed
 
 lemma comp_fun_commute_Pow_fold: "comp_fun_commute (\<lambda>x A. A \<union> Set.insert x ` A)"
   by (clarsimp simp: fun_eq_iff comp_fun_commute_def) blast  (* somewhat slow *)
 
 lemma Pow_fold:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "Pow A = fold (\<lambda>x A. A \<union> Set.insert x ` A) {{}} A"
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_commute "\<lambda>x A. A \<union> Set.insert x ` A"
     by (rule comp_fun_commute_Pow_fold)
   show ?thesis
     using assms by (induct A) (auto simp: Pow_insert)
 qed
 
 lemma fold_union_pair:
   assumes "finite B"
   shows "(\<Union>y\<in>B. {(x, y)}) \<union> A = fold (\<lambda>y. Set.insert (x, y)) A B"
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_commute "\<lambda>y. Set.insert (x, y)"
     by standard auto
   show ?thesis
     using assms by (induct arbitrary: A) simp_all
 qed
 
 lemma comp_fun_commute_product_fold:
   "finite B \<Longrightarrow> comp_fun_commute (\<lambda>x z. fold (\<lambda>y. Set.insert (x, y)) z B)"
   by standard (auto simp: fold_union_pair [symmetric])
 
 lemma product_fold:
   assumes "finite A" "finite B"
   shows "A \<times> B = fold (\<lambda>x z. fold (\<lambda>y. Set.insert (x, y)) z B) {} A"
   using assms unfolding Sigma_def
   by (induct A)
     (simp_all add: comp_fun_commute.fold_insert[OF comp_fun_commute_product_fold] fold_union_pair)
 
 context complete_lattice
 begin
 
 lemma inf_Inf_fold_inf:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "inf (Inf A) B = fold inf B A"
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_idem inf
     by (fact comp_fun_idem_inf)
   from \<open>finite A\<close> fold_fun_left_comm show ?thesis
     by (induct A arbitrary: B) (simp_all add: inf_commute fun_eq_iff)
 qed
 
 lemma sup_Sup_fold_sup:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "sup (Sup A) B = fold sup B A"
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_idem sup
     by (fact comp_fun_idem_sup)
   from \<open>finite A\<close> fold_fun_left_comm show ?thesis
     by (induct A arbitrary: B) (simp_all add: sup_commute fun_eq_iff)
 qed
 
 lemma Inf_fold_inf: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> Inf A = fold inf top A"
   using inf_Inf_fold_inf [of A top] by (simp add: inf_absorb2)
 
 lemma Sup_fold_sup: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> Sup A = fold sup bot A"
   using sup_Sup_fold_sup [of A bot] by (simp add: sup_absorb2)
 
 lemma inf_INF_fold_inf:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "inf B (\<Sqinter>(f ` A)) = fold (inf \<circ> f) B A" (is "?inf = ?fold")
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_idem inf by (fact comp_fun_idem_inf)
   interpret comp_fun_idem "inf \<circ> f" by (fact comp_comp_fun_idem)
   from \<open>finite A\<close> have "?fold = ?inf"
     by (induct A arbitrary: B) (simp_all add: inf_left_commute)
   then show ?thesis ..
 qed
 
 lemma sup_SUP_fold_sup:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "sup B (\<Squnion>(f ` A)) = fold (sup \<circ> f) B A" (is "?sup = ?fold")
 proof -
   interpret comp_fun_idem sup by (fact comp_fun_idem_sup)
   interpret comp_fun_idem "sup \<circ> f" by (fact comp_comp_fun_idem)
   from \<open>finite A\<close> have "?fold = ?sup"
     by (induct A arbitrary: B) (simp_all add: sup_left_commute)
   then show ?thesis ..
 qed
 
 lemma INF_fold_inf: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> \<Sqinter>(f ` A) = fold (inf \<circ> f) top A"
   using inf_INF_fold_inf [of A top] by simp
 
 lemma SUP_fold_sup: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> \<Squnion>(f ` A) = fold (sup \<circ> f) bot A"
   using sup_SUP_fold_sup [of A bot] by simp
 
+lemma finite_Inf_in:
+  assumes "finite A" "A\<noteq>{}" and inf: "\<And>x y. \<lbrakk>x \<in> A; y \<in> A\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> inf x y \<in> A"
+  shows "Inf A \<in> A"
+proof -
+  have "Inf B \<in> A" if "B \<le> A" "B\<noteq>{}" for B
+    using finite_subset [OF \<open>B \<subseteq> A\<close> \<open>finite A\<close>] that
+  by (induction B) (use inf in \<open>force+\<close>)
+  then show ?thesis
+    by (simp add: assms)
+qed
+
+lemma finite_Sup_in:
+  assumes "finite A" "A\<noteq>{}" and sup: "\<And>x y. \<lbrakk>x \<in> A; y \<in> A\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> sup x y \<in> A"
+  shows "Sup A \<in> A"
+proof -
+  have "Sup B \<in> A" if "B \<le> A" "B\<noteq>{}" for B
+    using finite_subset [OF \<open>B \<subseteq> A\<close> \<open>finite A\<close>] that
+  by (induction B) (use sup in \<open>force+\<close>)
+  then show ?thesis
+    by (simp add: assms)
+qed
+
 end
 
 
 subsection \<open>Locales as mini-packages for fold operations\<close>
 
 subsubsection \<open>The natural case\<close>
 
 locale folding =
   fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" and z :: "'b"
   assumes comp_fun_commute: "f y \<circ> f x = f x \<circ> f y"
 begin
 
 interpretation fold?: comp_fun_commute f
   by standard (use comp_fun_commute in \<open>simp add: fun_eq_iff\<close>)
 
 definition F :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'b"
   where eq_fold: "F A = fold f z A"
 
 lemma empty [simp]:"F {} = z"
   by (simp add: eq_fold)
 
 lemma infinite [simp]: "\<not> finite A \<Longrightarrow> F A = z"
   by (simp add: eq_fold)
 
 lemma insert [simp]:
   assumes "finite A" and "x \<notin> A"
   shows "F (insert x A) = f x (F A)"
 proof -
   from fold_insert assms
   have "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z A)" by simp
   with \<open>finite A\<close> show ?thesis by (simp add: eq_fold fun_eq_iff)
 qed
 
 lemma remove:
   assumes "finite A" and "x \<in> A"
   shows "F A = f x (F (A - {x}))"
 proof -
   from \<open>x \<in> A\<close> obtain B where A: "A = insert x B" and "x \<notin> B"
     by (auto dest: mk_disjoint_insert)
   moreover from \<open>finite A\<close> A have "finite B" by simp
   ultimately show ?thesis by simp
 qed
 
 lemma insert_remove: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> F (insert x A) = f x (F (A - {x}))"
   by (cases "x \<in> A") (simp_all add: remove insert_absorb)
 
 end
 
 
 subsubsection \<open>With idempotency\<close>
 
 locale folding_idem = folding +
   assumes comp_fun_idem: "f x \<circ> f x = f x"
 begin
 
 declare insert [simp del]
 
 interpretation fold?: comp_fun_idem f
   by standard (insert comp_fun_commute comp_fun_idem, simp add: fun_eq_iff)
 
 lemma insert_idem [simp]:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "F (insert x A) = f x (F A)"
 proof -
   from fold_insert_idem assms
   have "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z A)" by simp
   with \<open>finite A\<close> show ?thesis by (simp add: eq_fold fun_eq_iff)
 qed
 
 end
 
 
 subsection \<open>Finite cardinality\<close>
 
 text \<open>
   The traditional definition
   \<^prop>\<open>card A \<equiv> LEAST n. \<exists>f. A = {f i |i. i < n}\<close>
   is ugly to work with.
   But now that we have \<^const>\<open>fold\<close> things are easy:
 \<close>
 
 global_interpretation card: folding "\<lambda>_. Suc" 0
   defines card = "folding.F (\<lambda>_. Suc) 0"
   by standard rule
 
 lemma card_infinite: "\<not> finite A \<Longrightarrow> card A = 0"
   by (fact card.infinite)
 
 lemma card_empty: "card {} = 0"
   by (fact card.empty)
 
 lemma card_insert_disjoint: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> x \<notin> A \<Longrightarrow> card (insert x A) = Suc (card A)"
   by (fact card.insert)
 
 lemma card_insert_if: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> card (insert x A) = (if x \<in> A then card A else Suc (card A))"
   by auto (simp add: card.insert_remove card.remove)
 
 lemma card_ge_0_finite: "card A > 0 \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
   by (rule ccontr) simp
 
 lemma card_0_eq [simp]: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> card A = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> A = {}"
   by (auto dest: mk_disjoint_insert)
 
 lemma finite_UNIV_card_ge_0: "finite (UNIV :: 'a set) \<Longrightarrow> card (UNIV :: 'a set) > 0"
   by (rule ccontr) simp
 
 lemma card_eq_0_iff: "card A = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> A = {} \<or> \<not> finite A"
   by auto
 
 lemma card_range_greater_zero: "finite (range f) \<Longrightarrow> card (range f) > 0"
   by (rule ccontr) (simp add: card_eq_0_iff)
 
 lemma card_gt_0_iff: "0 < card A \<longleftrightarrow> A \<noteq> {} \<and> finite A"
   by (simp add: neq0_conv [symmetric] card_eq_0_iff)
 
 lemma card_Suc_Diff1: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> Suc (card (A - {x})) = card A"
   apply (rule insert_Diff [THEN subst, where t = A])
    apply assumption
   apply (simp del: insert_Diff_single)
   done
 
 lemma card_insert_le_m1: "n > 0 \<Longrightarrow> card y \<le> n - 1 \<Longrightarrow> card (insert x y) \<le> n"
   apply (cases "finite y")
    apply (cases "x \<in> y")
     apply (auto simp: insert_absorb)
   done
 
 lemma card_Diff_singleton: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> card (A - {x}) = card A - 1"
   by (simp add: card_Suc_Diff1 [symmetric])
 
 lemma card_Diff_singleton_if:
   "finite A \<Longrightarrow> card (A - {x}) = (if x \<in> A then card A - 1 else card A)"
   by (simp add: card_Diff_singleton)
 
 lemma card_Diff_insert[simp]:
   assumes "finite A" and "a \<in> A" and "a \<notin> B"
   shows "card (A - insert a B) = card (A - B) - 1"
 proof -
   have "A - insert a B = (A - B) - {a}"
     using assms by blast
   then show ?thesis
     using assms by (simp add: card_Diff_singleton)
 qed
 
 lemma card_insert: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> card (insert x A) = Suc (card (A - {x}))"
   by (fact card.insert_remove)
 
 lemma card_insert_le: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> card A \<le> card (insert x A)"
   by (simp add: card_insert_if)
 
 lemma card_Collect_less_nat[simp]: "card {i::nat. i < n} = n"
   by (induct n) (simp_all add:less_Suc_eq Collect_disj_eq)
 
 lemma card_Collect_le_nat[simp]: "card {i::nat. i \<le> n} = Suc n"
   using card_Collect_less_nat[of "Suc n"] by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)
 
 lemma card_mono:
   assumes "finite B" and "A \<subseteq> B"
   shows "card A \<le> card B"
 proof -
   from assms have "finite A"
     by (auto intro: finite_subset)
   then show ?thesis
     using assms
   proof (induct A arbitrary: B)
     case empty
     then show ?case by simp
   next
     case (insert x A)
     then have "x \<in> B"
       by simp
     from insert have "A \<subseteq> B - {x}" and "finite (B - {x})"
       by auto
     with insert.hyps have "card A \<le> card (B - {x})"
       by auto
     with \<open>finite A\<close> \<open>x \<notin> A\<close> \<open>finite B\<close> \<open>x \<in> B\<close> show ?case
       by simp (simp only: card.remove)
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma card_seteq: "finite B \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>A. A \<subseteq> B \<Longrightarrow> card B \<le> card A \<Longrightarrow> A = B)"
   apply (induct rule: finite_induct)
    apply simp
   apply clarify
   apply (subgoal_tac "finite A \<and> A - {x} \<subseteq> F")
    prefer 2 apply (blast intro: finite_subset, atomize)
   apply (drule_tac x = "A - {x}" in spec)
   apply (simp add: card_Diff_singleton_if split: if_split_asm)
   apply (case_tac "card A", auto)
   done
 
 lemma psubset_card_mono: "finite B \<Longrightarrow> A < B \<Longrightarrow> card A < card B"
   apply (simp add: psubset_eq linorder_not_le [symmetric])
   apply (blast dest: card_seteq)
   done
 
 lemma card_Un_Int:
   assumes "finite A" "finite B"
   shows "card A + card B = card (A \<union> B) + card (A \<inter> B)"
   using assms
 proof (induct A)
   case empty
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case insert
   then show ?case
     by (auto simp add: insert_absorb Int_insert_left)
 qed
 
 lemma card_Un_disjoint: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite B \<Longrightarrow> A \<inter> B = {} \<Longrightarrow> card (A \<union> B) = card A + card B"
   using card_Un_Int [of A B] by simp
 
 lemma card_Un_disjnt: "\<lbrakk>finite A; finite B; disjnt A B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> card (A \<union> B) = card A + card B"
   by (simp add: card_Un_disjoint disjnt_def)
 
 lemma card_Un_le: "card (A \<union> B) \<le> card A + card B"
 proof (cases "finite A \<and> finite B")
   case True
   then show ?thesis
     using le_iff_add card_Un_Int [of A B] by auto
 qed auto
 
 lemma card_Diff_subset:
   assumes "finite B"
     and "B \<subseteq> A"
   shows "card (A - B) = card A - card B"
   using assms
 proof (cases "finite A")
   case False
   with assms show ?thesis
     by simp
 next
   case True
   with assms show ?thesis
     by (induct B arbitrary: A) simp_all
 qed
 
 lemma card_Diff_subset_Int:
   assumes "finite (A \<inter> B)"
   shows "card (A - B) = card A - card (A \<inter> B)"
 proof -
   have "A - B = A - A \<inter> B" by auto
   with assms show ?thesis
     by (simp add: card_Diff_subset)
 qed
 
 lemma diff_card_le_card_Diff:
   assumes "finite B"
   shows "card A - card B \<le> card (A - B)"
 proof -
   have "card A - card B \<le> card A - card (A \<inter> B)"
     using card_mono[OF assms Int_lower2, of A] by arith
   also have "\<dots> = card (A - B)"
     using assms by (simp add: card_Diff_subset_Int)
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
 lemma card_le_sym_Diff:
   assumes "finite A" "finite B" "card A \<le> card B"
   shows "card(A - B) \<le> card(B - A)"
 proof -
   have "card(A - B) = card A - card (A \<inter> B)" using assms(1,2) by(simp add: card_Diff_subset_Int)
   also have "\<dots> \<le> card B - card (A \<inter> B)" using assms(3) by linarith
   also have "\<dots> = card(B - A)" using assms(1,2) by(simp add: card_Diff_subset_Int Int_commute)
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
 lemma card_less_sym_Diff:
   assumes "finite A" "finite B" "card A < card B"
   shows "card(A - B) < card(B - A)"
 proof -
   have "card(A - B) = card A - card (A \<inter> B)" using assms(1,2) by(simp add: card_Diff_subset_Int)
   also have "\<dots> < card B - card (A \<inter> B)" using assms(1,3) by (simp add: card_mono diff_less_mono)
   also have "\<dots> = card(B - A)" using assms(1,2) by(simp add: card_Diff_subset_Int Int_commute)
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
 lemma card_Diff1_less: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> card (A - {x}) < card A"
   by (rule Suc_less_SucD) (simp add: card_Suc_Diff1 del: card_Diff_insert)
 
 lemma card_Diff2_less: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> card (A - {x} - {y}) < card A"
   apply (cases "x = y")
    apply (simp add: card_Diff1_less del:card_Diff_insert)
   apply (rule less_trans)
    prefer 2 apply (auto intro!: card_Diff1_less simp del: card_Diff_insert)
   done
 
 lemma card_Diff1_le: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> card (A - {x}) \<le> card A"
   by (cases "x \<in> A") (simp_all add: card_Diff1_less less_imp_le)
 
 lemma card_psubset: "finite B \<Longrightarrow> A \<subseteq> B \<Longrightarrow> card A < card B \<Longrightarrow> A < B"
   by (erule psubsetI) blast
 
 lemma card_le_inj:
   assumes fA: "finite A"
     and fB: "finite B"
     and c: "card A \<le> card B"
   shows "\<exists>f. f ` A \<subseteq> B \<and> inj_on f A"
   using fA fB c
 proof (induct arbitrary: B rule: finite_induct)
   case empty
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (insert x s t)
   then show ?case
   proof (induct rule: finite_induct [OF insert.prems(1)])
     case 1
     then show ?case by simp
   next
     case (2 y t)
     from "2.prems"(1,2,5) "2.hyps"(1,2) have cst: "card s \<le> card t"
       by simp
     from "2.prems"(3) [OF "2.hyps"(1) cst]
     obtain f where "f ` s \<subseteq> t" "inj_on f s"
       by blast
     with "2.prems"(2) "2.hyps"(2) show ?case
       apply -
       apply (rule exI[where x = "\<lambda>z. if z = x then y else f z"])
       apply (auto simp add: inj_on_def)
       done
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma card_subset_eq:
   assumes fB: "finite B"
     and AB: "A \<subseteq> B"
     and c: "card A = card B"
   shows "A = B"
 proof -
   from fB AB have fA: "finite A"
     by (auto intro: finite_subset)
   from fA fB have fBA: "finite (B - A)"
     by auto
   have e: "A \<inter> (B - A) = {}"
     by blast
   have eq: "A \<union> (B - A) = B"
     using AB by blast
   from card_Un_disjoint[OF fA fBA e, unfolded eq c] have "card (B - A) = 0"
     by arith
   then have "B - A = {}"
     unfolding card_eq_0_iff using fA fB by simp
   with AB show "A = B"
     by blast
 qed
 
 lemma insert_partition:
   "x \<notin> F \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>c1 \<in> insert x F. \<forall>c2 \<in> insert x F. c1 \<noteq> c2 \<longrightarrow> c1 \<inter> c2 = {} \<Longrightarrow> x \<inter> \<Union>F = {}"
   by auto  (* somewhat slow *)
 
 lemma finite_psubset_induct [consumes 1, case_names psubset]:
   assumes finite: "finite A"
     and major: "\<And>A. finite A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>B. B \<subset> A \<Longrightarrow> P B) \<Longrightarrow> P A"
   shows "P A"
   using finite
 proof (induct A taking: card rule: measure_induct_rule)
   case (less A)
   have fin: "finite A" by fact
   have ih: "card B < card A \<Longrightarrow> finite B \<Longrightarrow> P B" for B by fact
   have "P B" if "B \<subset> A" for B
   proof -
     from that have "card B < card A"
       using psubset_card_mono fin by blast
     moreover
     from that have "B \<subseteq> A"
       by auto
     then have "finite B"
       using fin finite_subset by blast
     ultimately show ?thesis using ih by simp
   qed
   with fin show "P A" using major by blast
 qed
 
 lemma finite_induct_select [consumes 1, case_names empty select]:
   assumes "finite S"
     and "P {}"
     and select: "\<And>T. T \<subset> S \<Longrightarrow> P T \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>s\<in>S - T. P (insert s T)"
   shows "P S"
 proof -
   have "0 \<le> card S" by simp
   then have "\<exists>T \<subseteq> S. card T = card S \<and> P T"
   proof (induct rule: dec_induct)
     case base with \<open>P {}\<close>
     show ?case
       by (intro exI[of _ "{}"]) auto
   next
     case (step n)
     then obtain T where T: "T \<subseteq> S" "card T = n" "P T"
       by auto
     with \<open>n < card S\<close> have "T \<subset> S" "P T"
       by auto
     with select[of T] obtain s where "s \<in> S" "s \<notin> T" "P (insert s T)"
       by auto
     with step(2) T \<open>finite S\<close> show ?case
       by (intro exI[of _ "insert s T"]) (auto dest: finite_subset)
   qed
   with \<open>finite S\<close> show "P S"
     by (auto dest: card_subset_eq)
 qed
 
 lemma remove_induct [case_names empty infinite remove]:
   assumes empty: "P ({} :: 'a set)"
     and infinite: "\<not> finite B \<Longrightarrow> P B"
     and remove: "\<And>A. finite A \<Longrightarrow> A \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> A \<subseteq> B \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> P (A - {x})) \<Longrightarrow> P A"
   shows "P B"
 proof (cases "finite B")
   case False
   then show ?thesis by (rule infinite)
 next
   case True
   define A where "A = B"
   with True have "finite A" "A \<subseteq> B"
     by simp_all
   then show "P A"
   proof (induct "card A" arbitrary: A)
     case 0
     then have "A = {}" by auto
     with empty show ?case by simp
   next
     case (Suc n A)
     from \<open>A \<subseteq> B\<close> and \<open>finite B\<close> have "finite A"
       by (rule finite_subset)
     moreover from Suc.hyps have "A \<noteq> {}" by auto
     moreover note \<open>A \<subseteq> B\<close>
     moreover have "P (A - {x})" if x: "x \<in> A" for x
       using x Suc.prems \<open>Suc n = card A\<close> by (intro Suc) auto
     ultimately show ?case by (rule remove)
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma finite_remove_induct [consumes 1, case_names empty remove]:
   fixes P :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> bool"
   assumes "finite B"
     and "P {}"
     and "\<And>A. finite A \<Longrightarrow> A \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> A \<subseteq> B \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> P (A - {x})) \<Longrightarrow> P A"
   defines "B' \<equiv> B"
   shows "P B'"
   by (induct B' rule: remove_induct) (simp_all add: assms)
 
 
 text \<open>Main cardinality theorem.\<close>
 lemma card_partition [rule_format]:
   "finite C \<Longrightarrow> finite (\<Union>C) \<Longrightarrow> (\<forall>c\<in>C. card c = k) \<Longrightarrow>
     (\<forall>c1 \<in> C. \<forall>c2 \<in> C. c1 \<noteq> c2 \<longrightarrow> c1 \<inter> c2 = {}) \<Longrightarrow>
     k * card C = card (\<Union>C)"
 proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
   case empty
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (insert x F)
   then show ?case
     by (simp add: card_Un_disjoint insert_partition finite_subset [of _ "\<Union>(insert _ _)"])
 qed
 
 lemma card_eq_UNIV_imp_eq_UNIV:
   assumes fin: "finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
     and card: "card A = card (UNIV :: 'a set)"
   shows "A = (UNIV :: 'a set)"
 proof
   show "A \<subseteq> UNIV" by simp
   show "UNIV \<subseteq> A"
   proof
     show "x \<in> A" for x
     proof (rule ccontr)
       assume "x \<notin> A"
       then have "A \<subset> UNIV" by auto
       with fin have "card A < card (UNIV :: 'a set)"
         by (fact psubset_card_mono)
       with card show False by simp
     qed
   qed
 qed
 
 text \<open>The form of a finite set of given cardinality\<close>
 
 lemma card_eq_SucD:
   assumes "card A = Suc k"
   shows "\<exists>b B. A = insert b B \<and> b \<notin> B \<and> card B = k \<and> (k = 0 \<longrightarrow> B = {})"
 proof -
   have fin: "finite A"
     using assms by (auto intro: ccontr)
   moreover have "card A \<noteq> 0"
     using assms by auto
   ultimately obtain b where b: "b \<in> A"
     by auto
   show ?thesis
   proof (intro exI conjI)
     show "A = insert b (A - {b})"
       using b by blast
     show "b \<notin> A - {b}"
       by blast
     show "card (A - {b}) = k" and "k = 0 \<longrightarrow> A - {b} = {}"
       using assms b fin by (fastforce dest: mk_disjoint_insert)+
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma card_Suc_eq:
   "card A = Suc k \<longleftrightarrow>
     (\<exists>b B. A = insert b B \<and> b \<notin> B \<and> card B = k \<and> (k = 0 \<longrightarrow> B = {}))"
   apply (auto elim!: card_eq_SucD)
   apply (subst card.insert)
     apply (auto simp add: intro:ccontr)
   done
 
 lemma card_1_singletonE:
   assumes "card A = 1"
   obtains x where "A = {x}"
   using assms by (auto simp: card_Suc_eq)
 
 lemma is_singleton_altdef: "is_singleton A \<longleftrightarrow> card A = 1"
   unfolding is_singleton_def
   by (auto elim!: card_1_singletonE is_singletonE simp del: One_nat_def)
 
 lemma card_1_singleton_iff: "card A = Suc 0 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>x. A = {x})"
   by (simp add: card_Suc_eq)
 
 lemma card_le_Suc0_iff_eq:
   assumes "finite A"
   shows "card A \<le> Suc 0 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>a1 \<in> A. \<forall>a2 \<in> A. a1 = a2)" (is "?C = ?A")
 proof
   assume ?C thus ?A using assms by (auto simp: le_Suc_eq dest: card_eq_SucD)
 next
   assume ?A
   show ?C
   proof cases
     assume "A = {}" thus ?C using \<open>?A\<close> by simp
   next
     assume "A \<noteq> {}"
     then obtain a where "A = {a}" using \<open>?A\<close> by blast
     thus ?C by simp
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma card_le_Suc_iff:
   "Suc n \<le> card A = (\<exists>a B. A = insert a B \<and> a \<notin> B \<and> n \<le> card B \<and> finite B)"
 apply(cases "finite A")
  apply (fastforce simp: card_Suc_eq less_eq_nat.simps(2) insert_eq_iff
     dest: subset_singletonD split: nat.splits if_splits)
 by auto
 
 lemma finite_fun_UNIVD2:
   assumes fin: "finite (UNIV :: ('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) set)"
   shows "finite (UNIV :: 'b set)"
 proof -
   from fin have "finite (range (\<lambda>f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b. f arbitrary))" for arbitrary
     by (rule finite_imageI)
   moreover have "UNIV = range (\<lambda>f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b. f arbitrary)" for arbitrary
     by (rule UNIV_eq_I) auto
   ultimately show "finite (UNIV :: 'b set)"
     by simp
 qed
 
 lemma card_UNIV_unit [simp]: "card (UNIV :: unit set) = 1"
   unfolding UNIV_unit by simp
 
 lemma infinite_arbitrarily_large:
   assumes "\<not> finite A"
   shows "\<exists>B. finite B \<and> card B = n \<and> B \<subseteq> A"
 proof (induction n)
   case 0
   show ?case by (intro exI[of _ "{}"]) auto
 next
   case (Suc n)
   then obtain B where B: "finite B \<and> card B = n \<and> B \<subseteq> A" ..
   with \<open>\<not> finite A\<close> have "A \<noteq> B" by auto
   with B have "B \<subset> A" by auto
   then have "\<exists>x. x \<in> A - B"
     by (elim psubset_imp_ex_mem)
   then obtain x where x: "x \<in> A - B" ..
   with B have "finite (insert x B) \<and> card (insert x B) = Suc n \<and> insert x B \<subseteq> A"
     by auto
   then show "\<exists>B. finite B \<and> card B = Suc n \<and> B \<subseteq> A" ..
 qed
 
 text \<open>Sometimes, to prove that a set is finite, it is convenient to work with finite subsets
 and to show that their cardinalities are uniformly bounded. This possibility is formalized in
 the next criterion.\<close>
 
 lemma finite_if_finite_subsets_card_bdd:
   assumes "\<And>G. G \<subseteq> F \<Longrightarrow> finite G \<Longrightarrow> card G \<le> C"
   shows "finite F \<and> card F \<le> C"
 proof (cases "finite F")
   case False
   obtain n::nat where n: "n > max C 0" by auto
   obtain G where G: "G \<subseteq> F" "card G = n" using infinite_arbitrarily_large[OF False] by auto
   hence "finite G" using \<open>n > max C 0\<close> using card_infinite gr_implies_not0 by blast
   hence False using assms G n not_less by auto
   thus ?thesis ..
 next
   case True thus ?thesis using assms[of F] by auto
 qed
 
 
 subsubsection \<open>Cardinality of image\<close>
 
 lemma card_image_le: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> card (f ` A) \<le> card A"
   by (induct rule: finite_induct) (simp_all add: le_SucI card_insert_if)
 
 lemma card_image: "inj_on f A \<Longrightarrow> card (f ` A) = card A"
 proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct)
   case (infinite A)
   then have "\<not> finite (f ` A)" by (auto dest: finite_imageD)
   with infinite show ?case by simp
 qed simp_all
 
 lemma bij_betw_same_card: "bij_betw f A B \<Longrightarrow> card A = card B"
   by (auto simp: card_image bij_betw_def)
 
 lemma endo_inj_surj: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> f ` A \<subseteq> A \<Longrightarrow> inj_on f A \<Longrightarrow> f ` A = A"
   by (simp add: card_seteq card_image)
 
 lemma eq_card_imp_inj_on:
   assumes "finite A" "card(f ` A) = card A"
   shows "inj_on f A"
   using assms
 proof (induct rule:finite_induct)
   case empty
   show ?case by simp
 next
   case (insert x A)
   then show ?case
     using card_image_le [of A f] by (simp add: card_insert_if split: if_splits)
 qed
 
 lemma inj_on_iff_eq_card: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> inj_on f A \<longleftrightarrow> card (f ` A) = card A"
   by (blast intro: card_image eq_card_imp_inj_on)
 
 lemma card_inj_on_le:
   assumes "inj_on f A" "f ` A \<subseteq> B" "finite B"
   shows "card A \<le> card B"
 proof -
   have "finite A"
     using assms by (blast intro: finite_imageD dest: finite_subset)
   then show ?thesis
     using assms by (force intro: card_mono simp: card_image [symmetric])
 qed
 
 lemma inj_on_iff_card_le:
   "\<lbrakk> finite A; finite B \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>f. inj_on f A \<and> f ` A \<le> B) = (card A \<le> card B)"
 using card_inj_on_le[of _ A B] card_le_inj[of A B] by blast
 
 lemma surj_card_le: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> B \<subseteq> f ` A \<Longrightarrow> card B \<le> card A"
   by (blast intro: card_image_le card_mono le_trans)
 
 lemma card_bij_eq:
   "inj_on f A \<Longrightarrow> f ` A \<subseteq> B \<Longrightarrow> inj_on g B \<Longrightarrow> g ` B \<subseteq> A \<Longrightarrow> finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite B
     \<Longrightarrow> card A = card B"
   by (auto intro: le_antisym card_inj_on_le)
 
 lemma bij_betw_finite: "bij_betw f A B \<Longrightarrow> finite A \<longleftrightarrow> finite B"
   unfolding bij_betw_def using finite_imageD [of f A] by auto
 
 lemma inj_on_finite: "inj_on f A \<Longrightarrow> f ` A \<le> B \<Longrightarrow> finite B \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
   using finite_imageD finite_subset by blast
 
 lemma card_vimage_inj: "inj f \<Longrightarrow> A \<subseteq> range f \<Longrightarrow> card (f -` A) = card A"
   by (auto 4 3 simp: subset_image_iff inj_vimage_image_eq
       intro: card_image[symmetric, OF subset_inj_on])
 
 
 subsubsection \<open>Pigeonhole Principles\<close>
 
 lemma pigeonhole: "card A > card (f ` A) \<Longrightarrow> \<not> inj_on f A "
   by (auto dest: card_image less_irrefl_nat)
 
 lemma pigeonhole_infinite:
   assumes "\<not> finite A" and "finite (f`A)"
   shows "\<exists>a0\<in>A. \<not> finite {a\<in>A. f a = f a0}"
   using assms(2,1)
 proof (induct "f`A" arbitrary: A rule: finite_induct)
   case empty
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (insert b F)
   show ?case
   proof (cases "finite {a\<in>A. f a = b}")
     case True
     with \<open>\<not> finite A\<close> have "\<not> finite (A - {a\<in>A. f a = b})"
       by simp
     also have "A - {a\<in>A. f a = b} = {a\<in>A. f a \<noteq> b}"
       by blast
     finally have "\<not> finite {a\<in>A. f a \<noteq> b}" .
     from insert(3)[OF _ this] insert(2,4) show ?thesis
       by simp (blast intro: rev_finite_subset)
   next
     case False
     then have "{a \<in> A. f a = b} \<noteq> {}" by force
     with False show ?thesis by blast
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma pigeonhole_infinite_rel:
   assumes "\<not> finite A"
     and "finite B"
     and "\<forall>a\<in>A. \<exists>b\<in>B. R a b"
   shows "\<exists>b\<in>B. \<not> finite {a:A. R a b}"
 proof -
   let ?F = "\<lambda>a. {b\<in>B. R a b}"
   from finite_Pow_iff[THEN iffD2, OF \<open>finite B\<close>] have "finite (?F ` A)"
     by (blast intro: rev_finite_subset)
   from pigeonhole_infinite [where f = ?F, OF assms(1) this]
   obtain a0 where "a0 \<in> A" and infinite: "\<not> finite {a\<in>A. ?F a = ?F a0}" ..
   obtain b0 where "b0 \<in> B" and "R a0 b0"
     using \<open>a0 \<in> A\<close> assms(3) by blast
   have "finite {a\<in>A. ?F a = ?F a0}" if "finite {a\<in>A. R a b0}"
     using \<open>b0 \<in> B\<close> \<open>R a0 b0\<close> that by (blast intro: rev_finite_subset)
   with infinite \<open>b0 \<in> B\<close> show ?thesis
     by blast
 qed
 
 
 subsubsection \<open>Cardinality of sums\<close>
 
 lemma card_Plus:
   assumes "finite A" "finite B"
   shows "card (A <+> B) = card A + card B"
 proof -
   have "Inl`A \<inter> Inr`B = {}" by fast
   with assms show ?thesis
     by (simp add: Plus_def card_Un_disjoint card_image)
 qed
 
 lemma card_Plus_conv_if:
   "card (A <+> B) = (if finite A \<and> finite B then card A + card B else 0)"
   by (auto simp add: card_Plus)
 
 text \<open>Relates to equivalence classes.  Based on a theorem of F. Kammüller.\<close>
 
 lemma dvd_partition:
   assumes f: "finite (\<Union>C)"
     and "\<forall>c\<in>C. k dvd card c" "\<forall>c1\<in>C. \<forall>c2\<in>C. c1 \<noteq> c2 \<longrightarrow> c1 \<inter> c2 = {}"
   shows "k dvd card (\<Union>C)"
 proof -
   have "finite C"
     by (rule finite_UnionD [OF f])
   then show ?thesis
     using assms
   proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
     case empty
     show ?case by simp
   next
     case insert
     then show ?case
       apply simp
       apply (subst card_Un_disjoint)
          apply (auto simp add: disjoint_eq_subset_Compl)
       done
   qed
 qed
 
 
 subsubsection \<open>Relating injectivity and surjectivity\<close>
 
 lemma finite_surj_inj:
   assumes "finite A" "A \<subseteq> f ` A"
   shows "inj_on f A"
 proof -
   have "f ` A = A"
     by (rule card_seteq [THEN sym]) (auto simp add: assms card_image_le)
   then show ?thesis using assms
     by (simp add: eq_card_imp_inj_on)
 qed
 
 lemma finite_UNIV_surj_inj: "finite(UNIV:: 'a set) \<Longrightarrow> surj f \<Longrightarrow> inj f"
   for f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
   by (blast intro: finite_surj_inj subset_UNIV)
 
 lemma finite_UNIV_inj_surj: "finite(UNIV:: 'a set) \<Longrightarrow> inj f \<Longrightarrow> surj f"
   for f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
   by (fastforce simp:surj_def dest!: endo_inj_surj)
 
 lemma surjective_iff_injective_gen:
   assumes fS: "finite S"
     and fT: "finite T"
     and c: "card S = card T"
     and ST: "f ` S \<subseteq> T"
   shows "(\<forall>y \<in> T. \<exists>x \<in> S. f x = y) \<longleftrightarrow> inj_on f S"
   (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
 proof
   assume h: "?lhs"
   {
     fix x y
     assume x: "x \<in> S"
     assume y: "y \<in> S"
     assume f: "f x = f y"
     from x fS have S0: "card S \<noteq> 0"
       by auto
     have "x = y"
     proof (rule ccontr)
       assume xy: "\<not> ?thesis"
       have th: "card S \<le> card (f ` (S - {y}))"
         unfolding c
       proof (rule card_mono)
         show "finite (f ` (S - {y}))"
           by (simp add: fS)
         have "\<lbrakk>x \<noteq> y; x \<in> S; z \<in> S; f x = f y\<rbrakk>
          \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x \<in> S. x \<noteq> y \<and> f z = f x" for z
           by (case_tac "z = y \<longrightarrow> z = x") auto
         then show "T \<subseteq> f ` (S - {y})"
           using h xy x y f by fastforce
       qed
       also have " \<dots> \<le> card (S - {y})"
         by (simp add: card_image_le fS)
       also have "\<dots> \<le> card S - 1" using y fS by simp
       finally show False using S0 by arith
     qed
   }
   then show ?rhs
     unfolding inj_on_def by blast
 next
   assume h: ?rhs
   have "f ` S = T"
     by (simp add: ST c card_image card_subset_eq fT h)
   then show ?lhs by blast
 qed
 
 hide_const (open) Finite_Set.fold
 
 
 subsection \<open>Infinite Sets\<close>
 
 text \<open>
   Some elementary facts about infinite sets, mostly by Stephan Merz.
   Beware! Because "infinite" merely abbreviates a negation, these
   lemmas may not work well with \<open>blast\<close>.
 \<close>
 
 abbreviation infinite :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> bool"
   where "infinite S \<equiv> \<not> finite S"
 
 text \<open>
   Infinite sets are non-empty, and if we remove some elements from an
   infinite set, the result is still infinite.
 \<close>
 
 lemma infinite_UNIV_nat [iff]: "infinite (UNIV :: nat set)"
 proof
   assume "finite (UNIV :: nat set)"
   with finite_UNIV_inj_surj [of Suc] show False
     by simp (blast dest: Suc_neq_Zero surjD)
 qed
 
 lemma infinite_UNIV_char_0: "infinite (UNIV :: 'a::semiring_char_0 set)"
 proof
   assume "finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
   with subset_UNIV have "finite (range of_nat :: 'a set)"
     by (rule finite_subset)
   moreover have "inj (of_nat :: nat \<Rightarrow> 'a)"
     by (simp add: inj_on_def)
   ultimately have "finite (UNIV :: nat set)"
     by (rule finite_imageD)
   then show False
     by simp
 qed
 
 lemma infinite_imp_nonempty: "infinite S \<Longrightarrow> S \<noteq> {}"
   by auto
 
 lemma infinite_remove: "infinite S \<Longrightarrow> infinite (S - {a})"
   by simp
 
 lemma Diff_infinite_finite:
   assumes "finite T" "infinite S"
   shows "infinite (S - T)"
   using \<open>finite T\<close>
 proof induct
   from \<open>infinite S\<close> show "infinite (S - {})"
     by auto
 next
   fix T x
   assume ih: "infinite (S - T)"
   have "S - (insert x T) = (S - T) - {x}"
     by (rule Diff_insert)
   with ih show "infinite (S - (insert x T))"
     by (simp add: infinite_remove)
 qed
 
 lemma Un_infinite: "infinite S \<Longrightarrow> infinite (S \<union> T)"
   by simp
 
 lemma infinite_Un: "infinite (S \<union> T) \<longleftrightarrow> infinite S \<or> infinite T"
   by simp
 
 lemma infinite_super:
   assumes "S \<subseteq> T"
     and "infinite S"
   shows "infinite T"
 proof
   assume "finite T"
   with \<open>S \<subseteq> T\<close> have "finite S" by (simp add: finite_subset)
   with \<open>infinite S\<close> show False by simp
 qed
 
 proposition infinite_coinduct [consumes 1, case_names infinite]:
   assumes "X A"
     and step: "\<And>A. X A \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x\<in>A. X (A - {x}) \<or> infinite (A - {x})"
   shows "infinite A"
 proof
   assume "finite A"
   then show False
     using \<open>X A\<close>
   proof (induction rule: finite_psubset_induct)
     case (psubset A)
     then obtain x where "x \<in> A" "X (A - {x}) \<or> infinite (A - {x})"
       using local.step psubset.prems by blast
     then have "X (A - {x})"
       using psubset.hyps by blast
     show False
       apply (rule psubset.IH [where B = "A - {x}"])
        apply (use \<open>x \<in> A\<close> in blast)
       apply (simp add: \<open>X (A - {x})\<close>)
       done
   qed
 qed
 
 text \<open>
   For any function with infinite domain and finite range there is some
   element that is the image of infinitely many domain elements.  In
   particular, any infinite sequence of elements from a finite set
   contains some element that occurs infinitely often.
 \<close>
 
 lemma inf_img_fin_dom':
   assumes img: "finite (f ` A)"
     and dom: "infinite A"
   shows "\<exists>y \<in> f ` A. infinite (f -` {y} \<inter> A)"
 proof (rule ccontr)
   have "A \<subseteq> (\<Union>y\<in>f ` A. f -` {y} \<inter> A)" by auto
   moreover assume "\<not> ?thesis"
   with img have "finite (\<Union>y\<in>f ` A. f -` {y} \<inter> A)" by blast
   ultimately have "finite A" by (rule finite_subset)
   with dom show False by contradiction
 qed
 
 lemma inf_img_fin_domE':
   assumes "finite (f ` A)" and "infinite A"
   obtains y where "y \<in> f`A" and "infinite (f -` {y} \<inter> A)"
   using assms by (blast dest: inf_img_fin_dom')
 
 lemma inf_img_fin_dom:
   assumes img: "finite (f`A)" and dom: "infinite A"
   shows "\<exists>y \<in> f`A. infinite (f -` {y})"
   using inf_img_fin_dom'[OF assms] by auto
 
 lemma inf_img_fin_domE:
   assumes "finite (f`A)" and "infinite A"
   obtains y where "y \<in> f`A" and "infinite (f -` {y})"
   using assms by (blast dest: inf_img_fin_dom)
 
 proposition finite_image_absD: "finite (abs ` S) \<Longrightarrow> finite S"
   for S :: "'a::linordered_ring set"
   by (rule ccontr) (auto simp: abs_eq_iff vimage_def dest: inf_img_fin_dom)
 
 subsection \<open>The finite powerset operator\<close>
 
 definition Fpow :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set"
 where "Fpow A \<equiv> {X. X \<subseteq> A \<and> finite X}"
 
 lemma Fpow_mono: "A \<subseteq> B \<Longrightarrow> Fpow A \<subseteq> Fpow B"
 unfolding Fpow_def by auto
 
 lemma empty_in_Fpow: "{} \<in> Fpow A"
 unfolding Fpow_def by auto
 
 lemma Fpow_not_empty: "Fpow A \<noteq> {}"
 using empty_in_Fpow by blast
 
 lemma Fpow_subset_Pow: "Fpow A \<subseteq> Pow A"
 unfolding Fpow_def by auto
 
 lemma Fpow_Pow_finite: "Fpow A = Pow A Int {A. finite A}"
 unfolding Fpow_def Pow_def by blast
 
 lemma inj_on_image_Fpow:
   assumes "inj_on f A"
   shows "inj_on (image f) (Fpow A)"
   using assms Fpow_subset_Pow[of A] subset_inj_on[of "image f" "Pow A"]
     inj_on_image_Pow by blast
 
 lemma image_Fpow_mono:
   assumes "f ` A \<subseteq> B"
   shows "(image f) ` (Fpow A) \<subseteq> Fpow B"
   using assms by(unfold Fpow_def, auto)
 
 end
diff --git a/src/HOL/Fun_Def.thy b/src/HOL/Fun_Def.thy
--- a/src/HOL/Fun_Def.thy
+++ b/src/HOL/Fun_Def.thy
@@ -1,307 +1,310 @@
 (*  Title:      HOL/Fun_Def.thy
     Author:     Alexander Krauss, TU Muenchen
 *)
 
 section \<open>Function Definitions and Termination Proofs\<close>
 
 theory Fun_Def
   imports Basic_BNF_LFPs Partial_Function SAT
   keywords
     "function" "termination" :: thy_goal_defn and
     "fun" "fun_cases" :: thy_defn
 begin
 
 subsection \<open>Definitions with default value\<close>
 
 definition THE_default :: "'a \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> 'a"
   where "THE_default d P = (if (\<exists>!x. P x) then (THE x. P x) else d)"
 
 lemma THE_defaultI': "\<exists>!x. P x \<Longrightarrow> P (THE_default d P)"
   by (simp add: theI' THE_default_def)
 
 lemma THE_default1_equality: "\<exists>!x. P x \<Longrightarrow> P a \<Longrightarrow> THE_default d P = a"
   by (simp add: the1_equality THE_default_def)
 
 lemma THE_default_none: "\<not> (\<exists>!x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> THE_default d P = d"
   by (simp add: THE_default_def)
 
 
 lemma fundef_ex1_existence:
   assumes f_def: "f \<equiv> (\<lambda>x::'a. THE_default (d x) (\<lambda>y. G x y))"
   assumes ex1: "\<exists>!y. G x y"
   shows "G x (f x)"
   apply (simp only: f_def)
   apply (rule THE_defaultI')
   apply (rule ex1)
   done
 
 lemma fundef_ex1_uniqueness:
   assumes f_def: "f \<equiv> (\<lambda>x::'a. THE_default (d x) (\<lambda>y. G x y))"
   assumes ex1: "\<exists>!y. G x y"
   assumes elm: "G x (h x)"
   shows "h x = f x"
   apply (simp only: f_def)
   apply (rule THE_default1_equality [symmetric])
    apply (rule ex1)
   apply (rule elm)
   done
 
 lemma fundef_ex1_iff:
   assumes f_def: "f \<equiv> (\<lambda>x::'a. THE_default (d x) (\<lambda>y. G x y))"
   assumes ex1: "\<exists>!y. G x y"
   shows "(G x y) = (f x = y)"
   apply (auto simp:ex1 f_def THE_default1_equality)
   apply (rule THE_defaultI')
   apply (rule ex1)
   done
 
 lemma fundef_default_value:
   assumes f_def: "f \<equiv> (\<lambda>x::'a. THE_default (d x) (\<lambda>y. G x y))"
   assumes graph: "\<And>x y. G x y \<Longrightarrow> D x"
   assumes "\<not> D x"
   shows "f x = d x"
 proof -
   have "\<not>(\<exists>y. G x y)"
   proof
     assume "\<exists>y. G x y"
     then have "D x" using graph ..
     with \<open>\<not> D x\<close> show False ..
   qed
   then have "\<not>(\<exists>!y. G x y)" by blast
   then show ?thesis
     unfolding f_def by (rule THE_default_none)
 qed
 
 definition in_rel_def[simp]: "in_rel R x y \<equiv> (x, y) \<in> R"
 
 lemma wf_in_rel: "wf R \<Longrightarrow> wfP (in_rel R)"
   by (simp add: wfP_def)
 
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/function_core.ML\<close>
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/mutual.ML\<close>
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/pattern_split.ML\<close>
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/relation.ML\<close>
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/function_elims.ML\<close>
 
 method_setup relation = \<open>
   Args.term >> (fn t => fn ctxt => SIMPLE_METHOD' (Function_Relation.relation_infer_tac ctxt t))
 \<close> "prove termination using a user-specified wellfounded relation"
 
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/function.ML\<close>
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/pat_completeness.ML\<close>
 
 method_setup pat_completeness = \<open>
   Scan.succeed (SIMPLE_METHOD' o Pat_Completeness.pat_completeness_tac)
 \<close> "prove completeness of (co)datatype patterns"
 
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/fun.ML\<close>
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/induction_schema.ML\<close>
 
 method_setup induction_schema = \<open>
   Scan.succeed (CONTEXT_TACTIC oo Induction_Schema.induction_schema_tac)
 \<close> "prove an induction principle"
 
 
 subsection \<open>Measure functions\<close>
 
 inductive is_measure :: "('a \<Rightarrow> nat) \<Rightarrow> bool"
   where is_measure_trivial: "is_measure f"
 
 named_theorems measure_function "rules that guide the heuristic generation of measure functions"
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/measure_functions.ML\<close>
 
 lemma measure_size[measure_function]: "is_measure size"
   by (rule is_measure_trivial)
 
 lemma measure_fst[measure_function]: "is_measure f \<Longrightarrow> is_measure (\<lambda>p. f (fst p))"
   by (rule is_measure_trivial)
 
 lemma measure_snd[measure_function]: "is_measure f \<Longrightarrow> is_measure (\<lambda>p. f (snd p))"
   by (rule is_measure_trivial)
 
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/lexicographic_order.ML\<close>
 
 method_setup lexicographic_order = \<open>
   Method.sections clasimp_modifiers >>
   (K (SIMPLE_METHOD o Lexicographic_Order.lexicographic_order_tac false))
 \<close> "termination prover for lexicographic orderings"
 
 
 subsection \<open>Congruence rules\<close>
 
 lemma let_cong [fundef_cong]: "M = N \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. x = N \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x) \<Longrightarrow> Let M f = Let N g"
   unfolding Let_def by blast
 
 lemmas [fundef_cong] =
   if_cong image_cong
   bex_cong ball_cong imp_cong map_option_cong Option.bind_cong
 
 lemma split_cong [fundef_cong]:
   "(\<And>x y. (x, y) = q \<Longrightarrow> f x y = g x y) \<Longrightarrow> p = q \<Longrightarrow> case_prod f p = case_prod g q"
   by (auto simp: split_def)
 
 lemma comp_cong [fundef_cong]: "f (g x) = f' (g' x') \<Longrightarrow> (f \<circ> g) x = (f' \<circ> g') x'"
   by (simp only: o_apply)
 
 
 subsection \<open>Simp rules for termination proofs\<close>
 
 declare
   trans_less_add1[termination_simp]
   trans_less_add2[termination_simp]
   trans_le_add1[termination_simp]
   trans_le_add2[termination_simp]
   less_imp_le_nat[termination_simp]
   le_imp_less_Suc[termination_simp]
 
 lemma size_prod_simp[termination_simp]: "size_prod f g p = f (fst p) + g (snd p) + Suc 0"
   by (induct p) auto
 
 
 subsection \<open>Decomposition\<close>
 
 lemma less_by_empty: "A = {} \<Longrightarrow> A \<subseteq> B"
   and union_comp_emptyL: "A O C = {} \<Longrightarrow> B O C = {} \<Longrightarrow> (A \<union> B) O C = {}"
   and union_comp_emptyR: "A O B = {} \<Longrightarrow> A O C = {} \<Longrightarrow> A O (B \<union> C) = {}"
   and wf_no_loop: "R O R = {} \<Longrightarrow> wf R"
   by (auto simp add: wf_comp_self [of R])
 
 
 subsection \<open>Reduction pairs\<close>
 
 definition "reduction_pair P \<longleftrightarrow> wf (fst P) \<and> fst P O snd P \<subseteq> fst P"
 
 lemma reduction_pairI[intro]: "wf R \<Longrightarrow> R O S \<subseteq> R \<Longrightarrow> reduction_pair (R, S)"
   by (auto simp: reduction_pair_def)
 
 lemma reduction_pair_lemma:
   assumes rp: "reduction_pair P"
   assumes "R \<subseteq> fst P"
   assumes "S \<subseteq> snd P"
   assumes "wf S"
   shows "wf (R \<union> S)"
 proof -
   from rp \<open>S \<subseteq> snd P\<close> have "wf (fst P)" "fst P O S \<subseteq> fst P"
     unfolding reduction_pair_def by auto
   with \<open>wf S\<close> have "wf (fst P \<union> S)"
     by (auto intro: wf_union_compatible)
   moreover from \<open>R \<subseteq> fst P\<close> have "R \<union> S \<subseteq> fst P \<union> S" by auto
   ultimately show ?thesis by (rule wf_subset)
 qed
 
 definition "rp_inv_image = (\<lambda>(R,S) f. (inv_image R f, inv_image S f))"
 
 lemma rp_inv_image_rp: "reduction_pair P \<Longrightarrow> reduction_pair (rp_inv_image P f)"
   unfolding reduction_pair_def rp_inv_image_def split_def by force
 
 
 subsection \<open>Concrete orders for SCNP termination proofs\<close>
 
 definition "pair_less = less_than <*lex*> less_than"
 definition "pair_leq = pair_less\<^sup>="
 definition "max_strict = max_ext pair_less"
 definition "max_weak = max_ext pair_leq \<union> {({}, {})}"
 definition "min_strict = min_ext pair_less"
 definition "min_weak = min_ext pair_leq \<union> {({}, {})}"
 
 lemma wf_pair_less[simp]: "wf pair_less"
   by (auto simp: pair_less_def)
 
 lemma total_pair_less [iff]: "total_on A pair_less" and trans_pair_less [iff]: "trans pair_less"
   by (auto simp: total_on_def pair_less_def)
 
 text \<open>Introduction rules for \<open>pair_less\<close>/\<open>pair_leq\<close>\<close>
 lemma pair_leqI1: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> ((a, s), (b, t)) \<in> pair_leq"
   and pair_leqI2: "a \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> s \<le> t \<Longrightarrow> ((a, s), (b, t)) \<in> pair_leq"
   and pair_lessI1: "a < b  \<Longrightarrow> ((a, s), (b, t)) \<in> pair_less"
   and pair_lessI2: "a \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> s < t \<Longrightarrow> ((a, s), (b, t)) \<in> pair_less"
   by (auto simp: pair_leq_def pair_less_def)
 
+lemma pair_less_iff1 [simp]: "((x,y), (x,z)) \<in> pair_less \<longleftrightarrow> y<z"
+  by (simp add: pair_less_def)
+
 text \<open>Introduction rules for max\<close>
 lemma smax_emptyI: "finite Y \<Longrightarrow> Y \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> ({}, Y) \<in> max_strict"
   and smax_insertI:
     "y \<in> Y \<Longrightarrow> (x, y) \<in> pair_less \<Longrightarrow> (X, Y) \<in> max_strict \<Longrightarrow> (insert x X, Y) \<in> max_strict"
   and wmax_emptyI: "finite X \<Longrightarrow> ({}, X) \<in> max_weak"
   and wmax_insertI:
     "y \<in> YS \<Longrightarrow> (x, y) \<in> pair_leq \<Longrightarrow> (XS, YS) \<in> max_weak \<Longrightarrow> (insert x XS, YS) \<in> max_weak"
   by (auto simp: max_strict_def max_weak_def elim!: max_ext.cases)
 
 text \<open>Introduction rules for min\<close>
 lemma smin_emptyI: "X \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> (X, {}) \<in> min_strict"
   and smin_insertI:
     "x \<in> XS \<Longrightarrow> (x, y) \<in> pair_less \<Longrightarrow> (XS, YS) \<in> min_strict \<Longrightarrow> (XS, insert y YS) \<in> min_strict"
   and wmin_emptyI: "(X, {}) \<in> min_weak"
   and wmin_insertI:
     "x \<in> XS \<Longrightarrow> (x, y) \<in> pair_leq \<Longrightarrow> (XS, YS) \<in> min_weak \<Longrightarrow> (XS, insert y YS) \<in> min_weak"
   by (auto simp: min_strict_def min_weak_def min_ext_def)
 
 text \<open>Reduction Pairs.\<close>
 
 lemma max_ext_compat:
   assumes "R O S \<subseteq> R"
   shows "max_ext R O (max_ext S \<union> {({}, {})}) \<subseteq> max_ext R"
   using assms
   apply auto
   apply (elim max_ext.cases)
   apply rule
      apply auto[3]
   apply (drule_tac x=xa in meta_spec)
   apply simp
   apply (erule bexE)
   apply (drule_tac x=xb in meta_spec)
   apply auto
   done
 
 lemma max_rpair_set: "reduction_pair (max_strict, max_weak)"
   unfolding max_strict_def max_weak_def
   apply (intro reduction_pairI max_ext_wf)
    apply simp
   apply (rule max_ext_compat)
   apply (auto simp: pair_less_def pair_leq_def)
   done
 
 lemma min_ext_compat:
   assumes "R O S \<subseteq> R"
   shows "min_ext R O  (min_ext S \<union> {({},{})}) \<subseteq> min_ext R"
   using assms
   apply (auto simp: min_ext_def)
   apply (drule_tac x=ya in bspec, assumption)
   apply (erule bexE)
   apply (drule_tac x=xc in bspec)
    apply assumption
   apply auto
   done
 
 lemma min_rpair_set: "reduction_pair (min_strict, min_weak)"
   unfolding min_strict_def min_weak_def
   apply (intro reduction_pairI min_ext_wf)
    apply simp
   apply (rule min_ext_compat)
   apply (auto simp: pair_less_def pair_leq_def)
   done
 
 
 subsection \<open>Yet another induction principle on the natural numbers\<close>
 
 lemma nat_descend_induct [case_names base descend]:
   fixes P :: "nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
   assumes H1: "\<And>k. k > n \<Longrightarrow> P k"
   assumes H2: "\<And>k. k \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>i. i > k \<Longrightarrow> P i) \<Longrightarrow> P k"
   shows "P m"
   using assms by induction_schema (force intro!: wf_measure [of "\<lambda>k. Suc n - k"])+
 
 
 subsection \<open>Tool setup\<close>
 
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/termination.ML\<close>
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/scnp_solve.ML\<close>
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/scnp_reconstruct.ML\<close>
 ML_file \<open>Tools/Function/fun_cases.ML\<close>
 
 ML_val \<comment> \<open>setup inactive\<close>
 \<open>
   Context.theory_map (Function_Common.set_termination_prover
     (K (ScnpReconstruct.decomp_scnp_tac [ScnpSolve.MAX, ScnpSolve.MIN, ScnpSolve.MS])))
 \<close>
 
 end
diff --git a/src/HOL/Library/Infinite_Set.thy b/src/HOL/Library/Infinite_Set.thy
--- a/src/HOL/Library/Infinite_Set.thy
+++ b/src/HOL/Library/Infinite_Set.thy
@@ -1,607 +1,614 @@
 (*  Title:      HOL/Library/Infinite_Set.thy
     Author:     Stephan Merz
 *)
 
 section \<open>Infinite Sets and Related Concepts\<close>
 
 theory Infinite_Set
   imports Main
 begin
 
 subsection \<open>The set of natural numbers is infinite\<close>
 
 lemma infinite_nat_iff_unbounded_le: "infinite S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>m. \<exists>n\<ge>m. n \<in> S)"
   for S :: "nat set"
   using frequently_cofinite[of "\<lambda>x. x \<in> S"]
   by (simp add: cofinite_eq_sequentially frequently_def eventually_sequentially)
 
 lemma infinite_nat_iff_unbounded: "infinite S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>m. \<exists>n>m. n \<in> S)"
   for S :: "nat set"
   using frequently_cofinite[of "\<lambda>x. x \<in> S"]
   by (simp add: cofinite_eq_sequentially frequently_def eventually_at_top_dense)
 
 lemma finite_nat_iff_bounded: "finite S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>k. S \<subseteq> {..<k})"
   for S :: "nat set"
   using infinite_nat_iff_unbounded_le[of S] by (simp add: subset_eq) (metis not_le)
 
 lemma finite_nat_iff_bounded_le: "finite S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>k. S \<subseteq> {.. k})"
   for S :: "nat set"
   using infinite_nat_iff_unbounded[of S] by (simp add: subset_eq) (metis not_le)
 
 lemma finite_nat_bounded: "finite S \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>k. S \<subseteq> {..<k}"
   for S :: "nat set"
   by (simp add: finite_nat_iff_bounded)
 
 
 text \<open>
   For a set of natural numbers to be infinite, it is enough to know
   that for any number larger than some \<open>k\<close>, there is some larger
   number that is an element of the set.
 \<close>
 
 lemma unbounded_k_infinite: "\<forall>m>k. \<exists>n>m. n \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> infinite (S::nat set)"
   apply (clarsimp simp add: finite_nat_set_iff_bounded)
   apply (drule_tac x="Suc (max m k)" in spec)
   using less_Suc_eq apply fastforce
   done
 
 lemma nat_not_finite: "finite (UNIV::nat set) \<Longrightarrow> R"
   by simp
 
 lemma range_inj_infinite:
   fixes f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a"
   assumes "inj f"
   shows "infinite (range f)"
 proof
   assume "finite (range f)"
   from this assms have "finite (UNIV::nat set)"
     by (rule finite_imageD)
   then show False by simp
 qed
 
 
 subsection \<open>The set of integers is also infinite\<close>
 
 lemma infinite_int_iff_infinite_nat_abs: "infinite S \<longleftrightarrow> infinite ((nat \<circ> abs) ` S)"
   for S :: "int set"
 proof (unfold Not_eq_iff, rule iffI)
   assume "finite ((nat \<circ> abs) ` S)"
   then have "finite (nat ` (abs ` S))"
     by (simp add: image_image cong: image_cong)
   moreover have "inj_on nat (abs ` S)"
     by (rule inj_onI) auto
   ultimately have "finite (abs ` S)"
     by (rule finite_imageD)
   then show "finite S"
     by (rule finite_image_absD)
 qed simp
 
 proposition infinite_int_iff_unbounded_le: "infinite S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>m. \<exists>n. \<bar>n\<bar> \<ge> m \<and> n \<in> S)"
   for S :: "int set"
   by (simp add: infinite_int_iff_infinite_nat_abs infinite_nat_iff_unbounded_le o_def image_def)
     (metis abs_ge_zero nat_le_eq_zle le_nat_iff)
 
 proposition infinite_int_iff_unbounded: "infinite S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>m. \<exists>n. \<bar>n\<bar> > m \<and> n \<in> S)"
   for S :: "int set"
   by (simp add: infinite_int_iff_infinite_nat_abs infinite_nat_iff_unbounded o_def image_def)
     (metis (full_types) nat_le_iff nat_mono not_le)
 
 proposition finite_int_iff_bounded: "finite S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>k. abs ` S \<subseteq> {..<k})"
   for S :: "int set"
   using infinite_int_iff_unbounded_le[of S] by (simp add: subset_eq) (metis not_le)
 
 proposition finite_int_iff_bounded_le: "finite S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>k. abs ` S \<subseteq> {.. k})"
   for S :: "int set"
   using infinite_int_iff_unbounded[of S] by (simp add: subset_eq) (metis not_le)
 
 
 subsection \<open>Infinitely Many and Almost All\<close>
 
 text \<open>
   We often need to reason about the existence of infinitely many
   (resp., all but finitely many) objects satisfying some predicate, so
   we introduce corresponding binders and their proof rules.
 \<close>
 
 lemma not_INFM [simp]: "\<not> (INFM x. P x) \<longleftrightarrow> (MOST x. \<not> P x)"
   by (rule not_frequently)
 
 lemma not_MOST [simp]: "\<not> (MOST x. P x) \<longleftrightarrow> (INFM x. \<not> P x)"
   by (rule not_eventually)
 
 lemma INFM_const [simp]: "(INFM x::'a. P) \<longleftrightarrow> P \<and> infinite (UNIV::'a set)"
   by (simp add: frequently_const_iff)
 
 lemma MOST_const [simp]: "(MOST x::'a. P) \<longleftrightarrow> P \<or> finite (UNIV::'a set)"
   by (simp add: eventually_const_iff)
 
 lemma INFM_imp_distrib: "(INFM x. P x \<longrightarrow> Q x) \<longleftrightarrow> ((MOST x. P x) \<longrightarrow> (INFM x. Q x))"
   by (rule frequently_imp_iff)
 
 lemma MOST_imp_iff: "MOST x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (MOST x. P x \<longrightarrow> Q x) \<longleftrightarrow> (MOST x. Q x)"
   by (auto intro: eventually_rev_mp eventually_mono)
 
 lemma INFM_conjI: "INFM x. P x \<Longrightarrow> MOST x. Q x \<Longrightarrow> INFM x. P x \<and> Q x"
   by (rule frequently_rev_mp[of P]) (auto elim: eventually_mono)
 
 
 text \<open>Properties of quantifiers with injective functions.\<close>
 
 lemma INFM_inj: "INFM x. P (f x) \<Longrightarrow> inj f \<Longrightarrow> INFM x. P x"
   using finite_vimageI[of "{x. P x}" f] by (auto simp: frequently_cofinite)
 
 lemma MOST_inj: "MOST x. P x \<Longrightarrow> inj f \<Longrightarrow> MOST x. P (f x)"
   using finite_vimageI[of "{x. \<not> P x}" f] by (auto simp: eventually_cofinite)
 
 
 text \<open>Properties of quantifiers with singletons.\<close>
 
 lemma not_INFM_eq [simp]:
   "\<not> (INFM x. x = a)"
   "\<not> (INFM x. a = x)"
   unfolding frequently_cofinite by simp_all
 
 lemma MOST_neq [simp]:
   "MOST x. x \<noteq> a"
   "MOST x. a \<noteq> x"
   unfolding eventually_cofinite by simp_all
 
 lemma INFM_neq [simp]:
   "(INFM x::'a. x \<noteq> a) \<longleftrightarrow> infinite (UNIV::'a set)"
   "(INFM x::'a. a \<noteq> x) \<longleftrightarrow> infinite (UNIV::'a set)"
   unfolding frequently_cofinite by simp_all
 
 lemma MOST_eq [simp]:
   "(MOST x::'a. x = a) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (UNIV::'a set)"
   "(MOST x::'a. a = x) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (UNIV::'a set)"
   unfolding eventually_cofinite by simp_all
 
 lemma MOST_eq_imp:
   "MOST x. x = a \<longrightarrow> P x"
   "MOST x. a = x \<longrightarrow> P x"
   unfolding eventually_cofinite by simp_all
 
 
 text \<open>Properties of quantifiers over the naturals.\<close>
 
 lemma MOST_nat: "(\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>n. P n) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>m. \<forall>n>m. P n)"
   for P :: "nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
   by (auto simp add: eventually_cofinite finite_nat_iff_bounded_le subset_eq simp flip: not_le)
 
 lemma MOST_nat_le: "(\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>n. P n) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>m. \<forall>n\<ge>m. P n)"
   for P :: "nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
   by (auto simp add: eventually_cofinite finite_nat_iff_bounded subset_eq simp flip: not_le)
 
 lemma INFM_nat: "(\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>n. P n) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>m. \<exists>n>m. P n)"
   for P :: "nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
   by (simp add: frequently_cofinite infinite_nat_iff_unbounded)
 
 lemma INFM_nat_le: "(\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>n. P n) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>m. \<exists>n\<ge>m. P n)"
   for P :: "nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
   by (simp add: frequently_cofinite infinite_nat_iff_unbounded_le)
 
 lemma MOST_INFM: "infinite (UNIV::'a set) \<Longrightarrow> MOST x::'a. P x \<Longrightarrow> INFM x::'a. P x"
   by (simp add: eventually_frequently)
 
 lemma MOST_Suc_iff: "(MOST n. P (Suc n)) \<longleftrightarrow> (MOST n. P n)"
   by (simp add: cofinite_eq_sequentially)
 
 lemma MOST_SucI: "MOST n. P n \<Longrightarrow> MOST n. P (Suc n)"
   and MOST_SucD: "MOST n. P (Suc n) \<Longrightarrow> MOST n. P n"
   by (simp_all add: MOST_Suc_iff)
 
 lemma MOST_ge_nat: "MOST n::nat. m \<le> n"
   by (simp add: cofinite_eq_sequentially)
 
 \<comment> \<open>legacy names\<close>
 lemma Inf_many_def: "Inf_many P \<longleftrightarrow> infinite {x. P x}" by (fact frequently_cofinite)
 lemma Alm_all_def: "Alm_all P \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> (INFM x. \<not> P x)" by simp
 lemma INFM_iff_infinite: "(INFM x. P x) \<longleftrightarrow> infinite {x. P x}" by (fact frequently_cofinite)
 lemma MOST_iff_cofinite: "(MOST x. P x) \<longleftrightarrow> finite {x. \<not> P x}" by (fact eventually_cofinite)
 lemma INFM_EX: "(\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>x. P x)" by (fact frequently_ex)
 lemma ALL_MOST: "\<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x" by (fact always_eventually)
 lemma INFM_mono: "\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> Q x) \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. Q x" by (fact frequently_elim1)
 lemma MOST_mono: "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> Q x) \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. Q x" by (fact eventually_mono)
 lemma INFM_disj_distrib: "(\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x \<or> Q x) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x) \<or> (\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. Q x)" by (fact frequently_disj_iff)
 lemma MOST_rev_mp: "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x \<longrightarrow> Q x \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. Q x" by (fact eventually_rev_mp)
 lemma MOST_conj_distrib: "(\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x \<and> Q x) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x) \<and> (\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. Q x)" by (fact eventually_conj_iff)
 lemma MOST_conjI: "MOST x. P x \<Longrightarrow> MOST x. Q x \<Longrightarrow> MOST x. P x \<and> Q x" by (fact eventually_conj)
 lemma INFM_finite_Bex_distrib: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> (INFM y. \<exists>x\<in>A. P x y) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>x\<in>A. INFM y. P x y)" by (fact frequently_bex_finite_distrib)
 lemma MOST_finite_Ball_distrib: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> (MOST y. \<forall>x\<in>A. P x y) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>A. MOST y. P x y)" by (fact eventually_ball_finite_distrib)
 lemma INFM_E: "INFM x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> thesis) \<Longrightarrow> thesis" by (fact frequentlyE)
 lemma MOST_I: "(\<And>x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> MOST x. P x" by (rule eventuallyI)
 lemmas MOST_iff_finiteNeg = MOST_iff_cofinite
 
 
 subsection \<open>Enumeration of an Infinite Set\<close>
 
 text \<open>The set's element type must be wellordered (e.g. the natural numbers).\<close>
 
 text \<open>
   Could be generalized to
     \<^prop>\<open>enumerate' S n = (SOME t. t \<in> s \<and> finite {s\<in>S. s < t} \<and> card {s\<in>S. s < t} = n)\<close>.
 \<close>
 
 primrec (in wellorder) enumerate :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a"
   where
     enumerate_0: "enumerate S 0 = (LEAST n. n \<in> S)"
   | enumerate_Suc: "enumerate S (Suc n) = enumerate (S - {LEAST n. n \<in> S}) n"
 
 lemma enumerate_Suc': "enumerate S (Suc n) = enumerate (S - {enumerate S 0}) n"
   by simp
 
 lemma enumerate_in_set: "infinite S \<Longrightarrow> enumerate S n \<in> S"
 proof (induct n arbitrary: S)
   case 0
   then show ?case
     by (fastforce intro: LeastI dest!: infinite_imp_nonempty)
 next
   case (Suc n)
   then show ?case
     by simp (metis DiffE infinite_remove)
 qed
 
 declare enumerate_0 [simp del] enumerate_Suc [simp del]
 
 lemma enumerate_step: "infinite S \<Longrightarrow> enumerate S n < enumerate S (Suc n)"
 proof (induction n arbitrary: S)
   case 0
   then have "enumerate S 0 \<le> enumerate S (Suc 0)"
     by (simp add: enumerate_0 Least_le enumerate_in_set)
   moreover have "enumerate (S - {enumerate S 0}) 0 \<in> S - {enumerate S 0}"
     by (meson "0.prems" enumerate_in_set infinite_remove)
   then have "enumerate S 0 \<noteq> enumerate (S - {enumerate S 0}) 0"
     by auto
   ultimately show ?case
     by (simp add: enumerate_Suc')
 next
   case (Suc n)
   then show ?case 
     by (simp add: enumerate_Suc')
 qed
 
 lemma enumerate_mono: "m < n \<Longrightarrow> infinite S \<Longrightarrow> enumerate S m < enumerate S n"
   by (induct m n rule: less_Suc_induct) (auto intro: enumerate_step)
 
 lemma enumerate_mono_iff [simp]:
   "infinite S \<Longrightarrow> enumerate S m < enumerate S n \<longleftrightarrow> m < n"
   by (metis enumerate_mono less_asym less_linear)
 
 lemma le_enumerate:
   assumes S: "infinite S"
   shows "n \<le> enumerate S n"
   using S
 proof (induct n)
   case 0
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (Suc n)
   then have "n \<le> enumerate S n" by simp
   also note enumerate_mono[of n "Suc n", OF _ \<open>infinite S\<close>]
   finally show ?case by simp
 qed
 
 lemma infinite_enumerate:
   assumes fS: "infinite S"
   shows "\<exists>r::nat\<Rightarrow>nat. strict_mono r \<and> (\<forall>n. r n \<in> S)"
   unfolding strict_mono_def
   using enumerate_in_set[OF fS] enumerate_mono[of _ _ S] fS by blast
 
 lemma enumerate_Suc'':
   fixes S :: "'a::wellorder set"
   assumes "infinite S"
   shows "enumerate S (Suc n) = (LEAST s. s \<in> S \<and> enumerate S n < s)"
   using assms
 proof (induct n arbitrary: S)
   case 0
   then have "\<forall>s \<in> S. enumerate S 0 \<le> s"
     by (auto simp: enumerate.simps intro: Least_le)
   then show ?case
     unfolding enumerate_Suc' enumerate_0[of "S - {enumerate S 0}"]
     by (intro arg_cong[where f = Least] ext) auto
 next
   case (Suc n S)
   show ?case
     using enumerate_mono[OF zero_less_Suc \<open>infinite S\<close>, of n] \<open>infinite S\<close>
     apply (subst (1 2) enumerate_Suc')
     apply (subst Suc)
      apply (use \<open>infinite S\<close> in simp)
     apply (intro arg_cong[where f = Least] ext)
     apply (auto simp flip: enumerate_Suc')
     done
 qed
 
 lemma enumerate_Ex:
   fixes S :: "nat set"
   assumes S: "infinite S"
     and s: "s \<in> S"
   shows "\<exists>n. enumerate S n = s"
   using s
 proof (induct s rule: less_induct)
   case (less s)
   show ?case
   proof (cases "\<exists>y\<in>S. y < s")
     case True
     let ?y = "Max {s'\<in>S. s' < s}"
     from True have y: "\<And>x. ?y < x \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>s'\<in>S. s' < s \<longrightarrow> s' < x)"
       by (subst Max_less_iff) auto
     then have y_in: "?y \<in> {s'\<in>S. s' < s}"
       by (intro Max_in) auto
     with less.hyps[of ?y] obtain n where "enumerate S n = ?y"
       by auto
     with S have "enumerate S (Suc n) = s"
       by (auto simp: y less enumerate_Suc'' intro!: Least_equality)
     then show ?thesis by auto
   next
     case False
     then have "\<forall>t\<in>S. s \<le> t" by auto
     with \<open>s \<in> S\<close> show ?thesis
       by (auto intro!: exI[of _ 0] Least_equality simp: enumerate_0)
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma inj_enumerate:
   fixes S :: "'a::wellorder set"
   assumes S: "infinite S"
   shows "inj (enumerate S)"
   unfolding inj_on_def
 proof clarsimp
   show "\<And>x y. enumerate S x = enumerate S y \<Longrightarrow> x = y"
     by (metis neq_iff enumerate_mono[OF _ \<open>infinite S\<close>]) 
 qed
 
 text \<open>To generalise this, we'd need a condition that all initial segments were finite\<close>
 lemma bij_enumerate:
   fixes S :: "nat set"
   assumes S: "infinite S"
   shows "bij_betw (enumerate S) UNIV S"
 proof -
   have "\<forall>s \<in> S. \<exists>i. enumerate S i = s"
     using enumerate_Ex[OF S] by auto
   moreover note \<open>infinite S\<close> inj_enumerate
   ultimately show ?thesis
     unfolding bij_betw_def by (auto intro: enumerate_in_set)
 qed
 
+lemma 
+  fixes S :: "nat set"
+  assumes S: "infinite S"
+  shows range_enumerate: "range (enumerate S) = S" 
+    and strict_mono_enumerate: "strict_mono (enumerate S)"
+  by (auto simp add: bij_betw_imp_surj_on bij_enumerate assms strict_mono_def)
+
 text \<open>A pair of weird and wonderful lemmas from HOL Light.\<close>
 lemma finite_transitivity_chain:
   assumes "finite A"
     and R: "\<And>x. \<not> R x x" "\<And>x y z. \<lbrakk>R x y; R y z\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> R x z"
     and A: "\<And>x. x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>y. y \<in> A \<and> R x y"
   shows "A = {}"
   using \<open>finite A\<close> A
 proof (induct A)
   case empty
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (insert a A)
   have False
     using R(1)[of a] R(2)[of _ a] insert(3,4) by blast   
   thus ?case ..
 qed
 
 corollary Union_maximal_sets:
   assumes "finite \<F>"
   shows "\<Union>{T \<in> \<F>. \<forall>U\<in>\<F>. \<not> T \<subset> U} = \<Union>\<F>"
     (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
 proof
   show "?lhs \<subseteq> ?rhs" by force
   show "?rhs \<subseteq> ?lhs"
   proof (rule Union_subsetI)
     fix S
     assume "S \<in> \<F>"
     have "{T \<in> \<F>. S \<subseteq> T} = {}"
       if "\<not> (\<exists>y. y \<in> {T \<in> \<F>. \<forall>U\<in>\<F>. \<not> T \<subset> U} \<and> S \<subseteq> y)"
     proof -
       have \<section>: "\<And>x. x \<in> \<F> \<and> S \<subseteq> x \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>y. y \<in> \<F> \<and> S \<subseteq> y \<and> x \<subset> y"
         using that by (blast intro: dual_order.trans psubset_imp_subset)
       show ?thesis
       proof (rule finite_transitivity_chain [of _ "\<lambda>T U. S \<subseteq> T \<and> T \<subset> U"])
       qed (use assms in \<open>auto intro: \<section>\<close>)
     qed
     with \<open>S \<in> \<F>\<close> show "\<exists>y. y \<in> {T \<in> \<F>. \<forall>U\<in>\<F>. \<not> T \<subset> U} \<and> S \<subseteq> y"
       by blast
   qed
 qed
 
 subsection \<open>Properties of @{term enumerate} on finite sets\<close>
 
 lemma finite_enumerate_in_set: "\<lbrakk>finite S; n < card S\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> enumerate S n \<in> S"
 proof (induction n arbitrary: S)
   case 0
   then show ?case
     by (metis all_not_in_conv card_empty enumerate.simps(1) not_less0 wellorder_Least_lemma(1))
 next
   case (Suc n)
   show ?case
     using Suc.prems Suc.IH [of "S - {LEAST n. n \<in> S}"]
     apply (simp add: enumerate.simps)
     by (metis Diff_empty Diff_insert0 Suc_lessD card.remove less_Suc_eq)
 qed
 
 lemma finite_enumerate_step: "\<lbrakk>finite S; Suc n < card S\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> enumerate S n < enumerate S (Suc n)"
 proof (induction n arbitrary: S)
   case 0
   then have "enumerate S 0 \<le> enumerate S (Suc 0)"
     by (simp add: Least_le enumerate.simps(1) finite_enumerate_in_set)
   moreover have "enumerate (S - {enumerate S 0}) 0 \<in> S - {enumerate S 0}"
     by (metis 0 Suc_lessD Suc_less_eq card_Suc_Diff1 enumerate_in_set finite_enumerate_in_set)
   then have "enumerate S 0 \<noteq> enumerate (S - {enumerate S 0}) 0"
     by auto
   ultimately show ?case
     by (simp add: enumerate_Suc')
 next
   case (Suc n)
   then show ?case
     by (simp add: enumerate_Suc' finite_enumerate_in_set)
 qed
 
 lemma finite_enumerate_mono: "\<lbrakk>m < n; finite S; n < card S\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> enumerate S m < enumerate S n"
   by (induct m n rule: less_Suc_induct) (auto intro: finite_enumerate_step)
 
 lemma finite_enumerate_mono_iff [simp]:
   "\<lbrakk>finite S; m < card S; n < card S\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> enumerate S m < enumerate S n \<longleftrightarrow> m < n"
   by (metis finite_enumerate_mono less_asym less_linear)
 
 lemma finite_le_enumerate:
   assumes "finite S" "n < card S"
   shows "n \<le> enumerate S n"
   using assms
 proof (induction n)
   case 0
   then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (Suc n)
   then have "n \<le> enumerate S n" by simp
   also note finite_enumerate_mono[of n "Suc n", OF _ \<open>finite S\<close>]
   finally show ?case
     using Suc.prems(2) Suc_leI by blast
 qed
 
 lemma finite_enumerate:
   assumes fS: "finite S"
   shows "\<exists>r::nat\<Rightarrow>nat. strict_mono_on r {..<card S} \<and> (\<forall>n<card S. r n \<in> S)"
   unfolding strict_mono_def
   using finite_enumerate_in_set[OF fS] finite_enumerate_mono[of _ _ S] fS
   by (metis lessThan_iff strict_mono_on_def)
 
 lemma finite_enumerate_Suc'':
   fixes S :: "'a::wellorder set"
   assumes "finite S" "Suc n < card S"
   shows "enumerate S (Suc n) = (LEAST s. s \<in> S \<and> enumerate S n < s)"
   using assms
 proof (induction n arbitrary: S)
   case 0
   then have "\<forall>s \<in> S. enumerate S 0 \<le> s"
     by (auto simp: enumerate.simps intro: Least_le)
   then show ?case
     unfolding enumerate_Suc' enumerate_0[of "S - {enumerate S 0}"]
     by (metis Diff_iff dual_order.strict_iff_order singletonD singletonI)
 next
   case (Suc n S)
   then have "Suc n < card (S - {enumerate S 0})"
     using Suc.prems(2) finite_enumerate_in_set by force
   then show ?case
     apply (subst (1 2) enumerate_Suc')
     apply (simp add: Suc)
     apply (intro arg_cong[where f = Least] HOL.ext)
     using finite_enumerate_mono[OF zero_less_Suc \<open>finite S\<close>, of n] Suc.prems
     by (auto simp flip: enumerate_Suc')
 qed
 
 lemma finite_enumerate_initial_segment:
   fixes S :: "'a::wellorder set"
   assumes "finite S" and n: "n < card (S \<inter> {..<s})"
   shows "enumerate (S \<inter> {..<s}) n = enumerate S n"
   using n
 proof (induction n)
   case 0
   have "(LEAST n. n \<in> S \<and> n < s) = (LEAST n. n \<in> S)"
   proof (rule Least_equality)
     have "\<exists>t. t \<in> S \<and> t < s"
       by (metis "0" card_gt_0_iff disjoint_iff_not_equal lessThan_iff)
     then show "(LEAST n. n \<in> S) \<in> S \<and> (LEAST n. n \<in> S) < s"
       by (meson LeastI Least_le le_less_trans)
   qed (simp add: Least_le)
   then show ?case
     by (auto simp: enumerate_0)
 next
   case (Suc n)
   then have less_card: "Suc n < card S"
     by (meson assms(1) card_mono inf_sup_ord(1) leD le_less_linear order.trans)
   obtain T where T: "T \<in> {s \<in> S. enumerate S n < s}"
     by (metis Infinite_Set.enumerate_step enumerate_in_set finite_enumerate_in_set finite_enumerate_step less_card mem_Collect_eq)
   have "(LEAST x. x \<in> S \<and> x < s \<and> enumerate S n < x) = (LEAST x. x \<in> S \<and> enumerate S n < x)"
        (is "_ = ?r")
   proof (intro Least_equality conjI)
     show "?r \<in> S"
       by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) LeastI mem_Collect_eq T)
     have "\<not> s \<le> ?r"
       using not_less_Least [of _ "\<lambda>x. x \<in> S \<and> enumerate S n < x"] Suc assms
       by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) Int_Collect Suc_lessD finite_Int finite_enumerate_in_set finite_enumerate_step lessThan_def less_le_trans)
     then show "?r < s"
       by auto
     show "enumerate S n < ?r"
       by (metis (no_types, lifting) LeastI mem_Collect_eq T)
   qed (auto simp: Least_le)
   then show ?case
     using Suc assms by (simp add: finite_enumerate_Suc'' less_card)
 qed
 
 lemma finite_enumerate_Ex:
   fixes S :: "'a::wellorder set"
   assumes S: "finite S"
     and s: "s \<in> S"
   shows "\<exists>n<card S. enumerate S n = s"
   using s S
 proof (induction s arbitrary: S rule: less_induct)
   case (less s)
   show ?case
   proof (cases "\<exists>y\<in>S. y < s")
     case True
     let ?T = "S \<inter> {..<s}"
     have "finite ?T"
       using less.prems(2) by blast
     have TS: "card ?T < card S"
       using less.prems by (blast intro: psubset_card_mono [OF \<open>finite S\<close>])
     from True have y: "\<And>x. Max ?T < x \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>s'\<in>S. s' < s \<longrightarrow> s' < x)"
       by (subst Max_less_iff) (auto simp: \<open>finite ?T\<close>)
     then have y_in: "Max ?T \<in> {s'\<in>S. s' < s}"
       using Max_in \<open>finite ?T\<close> by fastforce
     with less.IH[of "Max ?T" ?T] obtain n where n: "enumerate ?T n = Max ?T" "n < card ?T"
       using \<open>finite ?T\<close> by blast
     then have "Suc n < card S"
       using TS less_trans_Suc by blast
     with S n have "enumerate S (Suc n) = s"
       by (subst finite_enumerate_Suc'') (auto simp: y finite_enumerate_initial_segment less finite_enumerate_Suc'' intro!: Least_equality)
     then show ?thesis
       using \<open>Suc n < card S\<close> by blast
   next
     case False
     then have "\<forall>t\<in>S. s \<le> t" by auto
     moreover have "0 < card S"
       using card_0_eq less.prems by blast
     ultimately show ?thesis
       using \<open>s \<in> S\<close>
       by (auto intro!: exI[of _ 0] Least_equality simp: enumerate_0)
   qed
 qed
 
 lemma finite_enum_subset:
   assumes "\<And>i. i < card X \<Longrightarrow> enumerate X i = enumerate Y i" and "finite X" "finite Y" "card X \<le> card Y"
   shows "X \<subseteq> Y"
   by (metis assms finite_enumerate_Ex finite_enumerate_in_set less_le_trans subsetI)
 
 lemma finite_enum_ext:
   assumes "\<And>i. i < card X \<Longrightarrow> enumerate X i = enumerate Y i" and "finite X" "finite Y" "card X = card Y"
   shows "X = Y"
   by (intro antisym finite_enum_subset) (auto simp: assms)
 
 lemma finite_bij_enumerate:
   fixes S :: "'a::wellorder set"
   assumes S: "finite S"
   shows "bij_betw (enumerate S) {..<card S} S"
 proof -
   have "\<And>n m. \<lbrakk>n \<noteq> m; n < card S; m < card S\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> enumerate S n \<noteq> enumerate S m"
     using finite_enumerate_mono[OF _ \<open>finite S\<close>] by (auto simp: neq_iff)
   then have "inj_on (enumerate S) {..<card S}"
     by (auto simp: inj_on_def)
   moreover have "\<forall>s \<in> S. \<exists>i<card S. enumerate S i = s"
     using finite_enumerate_Ex[OF S] by auto
   moreover note \<open>finite S\<close>
   ultimately show ?thesis
     unfolding bij_betw_def by (auto intro: finite_enumerate_in_set)
 qed
 
 lemma ex_bij_betw_strict_mono_card:
   fixes M :: "'a::wellorder set"
   assumes "finite M" 
   obtains h where "bij_betw h {..<card M} M" and "strict_mono_on h {..<card M}"
 proof
   show "bij_betw (enumerate M) {..<card M} M"
     by (simp add: assms finite_bij_enumerate)
   show "strict_mono_on (enumerate M) {..<card M}"
     by (simp add: assms finite_enumerate_mono strict_mono_on_def)
 qed
 
 end